Main Group

Proton

H+ 1s0

Hydride

H- 1s2

what is the only element known to form compounds with all other elements?

hydrogen

which elemental cycle occurs on the sun?

proton

which elemental cycle occurs on “heavier stars”?

CNO cycle

CNO cycle stands for?

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen cycle

where are elements heavier than oxygen generated?

supernova and/or colliding neutron stars

what produces more energy fusion or fission?

fusion (10x as potent)

Who created the fusion bomb?

Dr. strangelove

what type of fusion occurs in Dr.strangelove’s fusion bomb?

uncontrolled fusion

The ITER reactor will attempt to utilize what?

controlled fusion

most hydrogen is produced by?

followed by?

the reformation of coal or natural gas

a water gas shift reaction to optimize H₂(g) yield

the most important use of hydrogen is?

the haber-bosch process

what does the haber-bosch process manufacture?

NH₃

Hydrogen fuel is;

is used as?

clean, energetic, and dangerous

rocket fuel

how does Controlled Combustion: Hydrogen Fuel Cell work?

efficiency?

potential?

captures energy released in the form of
electricity

~ 50 %efficiency

0.7 V potential

what’s one challenge of the hydrogen fuel cell?

uses Pt and there is not enough on the planet to do this on a large scale

why does the hydrogen fuel cell only use Pt?

Pt is the only thing workable for O₂ activation side

alkali metals properties:

silver/gray

low melting points

v. electropositive and reducing

dangerous in elemental form

alkali metals react violently with?

water, alcohols, halogens, and halogenated solvents

how are alkali metals prepared?

electrolysis

alkali metals occur in nature in their elemental form, true or false?

false

what are the alkali metals?

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

alkali metals are stored in what to protect from moisture?

paraffin oil or glass

Earth alkali metals properties:

bi-valent

electropositive and reducing

cannot put out fires using foam, water, or dry chemicals 

Be, Mg, and Ca do what against air/moisture?

passivate themselves by formation of an oxide layer

Earth alkali metals can be formed through?

electrolysis of chlorides or oxides

both alkali metals and earth alkali metals always react to?

their highest oxidation state

alkali salt structures;

due to?

archetypical salts with (almost) perfect ionic bonding

high change in electronegativity between the two structures

chlor-alkali process net reaction?

2 Na+ (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq) + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g)

Solvay Process net reaction?

plays on?

2 NaCl + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaCl2

relative solubilities of salts formed

Beryllium

strong and highly toxic Lewis acid

small and high charge density

light

the most important application of beryllium is in?

radiation windows for X-ray tubes

Magnesium

used in lightweight materials and alloys

cannot be extinguished by normal means

abundant in chlorophyll in cyanobacteria, green algae and plants

third-most-commonly-used structural metal