1 Rocks and minerals and their exploitation

Legislation

________ were governments should interfere to pass laws that ensure reusing and recycling.

Bioremediation

________ may also be used to treat water contamination.

Particles

________ like clays, silts, sands, gravels and small boulders are found in sediments.

Shaft mining

________ is costlier to set up and maintain as the cost per tonne will be higher.

Remote sensing

________: a process in which information is gathered about the Earths surface from above.

Noise pollution

________: due to machinery and explosives disturbs the behavior of animal species and causes hearing problems for people.

Land pollution

________: toxic nature of the waste doesn't allow plant growth even years after the mining is stopped.

Sediments

________ (small particles of rocks) accumulate into layers and get pressurised due to the newer deposits above them.

Pollutants

________ (mining of heavy metals can cause leaching) seeps into ground water /rivers /lakes.

satellites

Using ________ saves time and costs less.

Aerial photography

________ can cover more ground than a person on the surface.

materials

Building ________ such as sand, gravel and stone are removed from open pits called quarries.

Waste heaps

________, noise pollution from blasting explosives /machinery.

shock

The ________ waves record different patterns depending on the mineral present in the rock layers.

Bioaccumulation

________: organisms absorb the ions and retain them in their body, reaching concentration higher than that in water.

Visual pollution

________: landscape is damaged.

waste

The ________ must be monitored to detect any movement or further pollution.

horizontal tunnel

A(n) ________ is made, following the mineral layer.

trucks

The rock or mineral is tipped into ________ or railway wagons.

erosion

The sediments are transported by water and wind (________)

Bio magnification

________: the concentrations increase higher up in the food chain.

overburden

The ________ (overlying rock and soil) is removed as a thin strip.

Geophysics

________: method to identify mineral ores present in rocks using their physical properties.

toxic metal

The water may become acidic and dissolve ________ ions- this combination kills many aquatic organisms.

Air pollution

________: dust particles settle on the vegetation, not allowing sunlight to reach the leaves and thus, reducing the rate of photosynthesis.

vertical shaft

A(n) ________ is sunk down to the rock layer contain in g minerals.

serious lung

Breathing in dust that remains in the lungs can cause ________ diseases.

series of vibrations

A(n) ________ (seismic waves) are sent through the Earths surface.

Mineral deposits

________ are weathered at the Earths surface, forming mineral oxides.

Sub surface mining

________: includes deep and shaft mining.

Geochemical analysis

________: analysing the chemical properties of rocks (by taking samples)

Sustainable resource

________: a resource that can be continuously replenished e.g.

satellites

Some ________ send signals to the Earths surface and collect the reflected signals, indicating the presence of minerals.

The rock cycle

a representation of the changes between the three rock types and the processes causing them

Extrusive igneous rock

if the rock cools quickly, small crystals are formed e.g

Intrusive igneous rock

if the rock cools slowly, large crystals are formed e.g

Prospecting

a process of searching for minerals by examining the surface of the rocks

Remote sensing

a process in which information is gathered about the Earths surface from above

Geochemical analysis

analysing the chemical properties of rocks (by taking samples)

Geophysics

method to identify mineral ores present in rocks using their physical properties

Sub-surface mining

includes deep and shaft mining

Supply and demand

the relation between how much of a commodity is available and how much is needed or wanted by the consumers

Noise pollution

due to machinery and explosives disturbs the behavior of animal species and causes hearing problems for people

Water pollution

water supplies may also be polluted, making it unsafe for people to drink

Bioaccumulation

organisms absorb the ions and retain them in their body, reaching concentration higher than that in water

Bio magnification

the concentrations increase higher up in the food chain

Land pollution

toxic nature of the waste doesn't allow plant growth even years after the mining is stopped

Air pollution

dust particles settle on the vegetation, not allowing sunlight to reach the leaves and thus, reducing the rate of photosynthesis

Visual pollution

landscape is damaged

Sustainable resource

a resource that can be continuously replenished e.g

Sustainable development

development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs