Anatomy II - respiratory

Respiratory conducting passageways

Purify, humidify, and warm incoming air, including nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Lungs

Main site of gas exchange, containing millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli.

Alveoli

Microscopic respiratory structures responsible for gas exchange.

Ciliated cells

Use mobile cilia to propel mucous loaded with pathogens and debris towards the throat and pharynx.

Goblet cells

Produce sticky mucous and secrete it to the internal surface of the trachea.

Bronchioles

Smallest bronchi without cartilage rings, anatomically different from larger bronchi.

Respiratory membrane

Air-blood barrier for gas exchange, composed of alveolar epithelium, fused basement membranes, and capillary endothelium.

External respiration

Alveolar gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood. Major way oxygen is transported in the blood

Internal respiration

Systemic gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and tissue fluid. Major form in which CO2 is transported in the blood

Simple diffusion

Membrane transport mechanism responsible for gas exchange in the lungs.

Brain stem

Involuntary control of respiration. tells the body to breath

Cerebrum

Voluntary control of respiration. provides control during breath-holding, singing, and speaking

Factors influencing respiratory rate

Decrease of blood pH and irritation in the airway.

Aspirin overdose

Increases respiratory rate due to higher levels of carbon dioxide, lowering blood pH.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Prevents hemoglobin from transporting O2, leading to oxygen deprivation.

Lung cancer

Type of cancer that kills more people.

Hypoxia

Causes include carbon monoxide poisoning, resulting in no oxygen flowing in the blood.

1. Cold or flu -

inflammation of mucous membrane of upper respiratory tract; initially viral, may have secondary bacterial infection

1. Bronchitis –

inflammation of bronchia tree, caused by bacterial or irritants, mucous membranes secretes thick mucus-cough to clear lungs

1. Pneumonia –

viral or bacterial causes fluid in the lungs

They will each diffuse to whatever has the lowest levels.

1. What determines in which direction CO2 and O2 will diffuse in the lungs? In the tissues?

It can lower or raise oxygen levels of the body

How can Oxygen levels in the atmosphere influence respiration and therefore Oxygen levels in the body?

why it is impossible to voluntarily breath for a extended time

Involuntary control overrides voluntary control, breathing is done by the brain stem therefor involuntary. Carbon dioxide levels rise and become dangerous for the body, the brain stem will take over.

high, low

Air/gas flow from an area of        (high or low?) partial pressure to an area of           (high or low?) partial pressure.

1. Air flows into the lungs/ inspiration

– the pressure in the lungs decrease and become lower than that of the atmosphere.

1. Air flows out of the lungs/ expiration

– volume lowers, pressure in the lungs increase

   Nasal cavity –

oxygen/ air enters.

   Pharynx –

passageway for air and food

  Larynx

passageway for air, voice production, and prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract.

Trachea –

 wind pipe that air passageway cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air.

  Bronchi –

net work of tubes that deliver air to the lungs, cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air