Anatomy II - respiratory

1. List in order the respiratory organs through which the air flows into the body. Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, then lungs.

2. List in order the respiratory organs through which the air flows out of the body. Lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx

3. Compare and contrast the functions of respiratory conducting passageways and the function of the lungs.

   1. Respiratory conducting passageways -Purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air

                                                     i.     Nasal cavity – oxygen/ air enters.

                                                   ii.     Pharynx – passageway for air and food

                                                  iii.     Larynx – passageway for air, voice production, and prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract.

                                                  iv.     Trachea –  wind pipe that air passageway cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air.

                                                   v.     Bronchi – net work of tubes that deliver air to the lungs, cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air

                                                  vi.     Lungs – main site of gas exchange, millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli.

4. Which microscopic respiratory structures are responsible for gas exchange? alveoli

5. What is the function of ciliated cells on the respiratory mucosa?  Use mobile cilia to propel mucous loaded with pathogens and debris toward the throat and pharynx.

6. What is the function of goblet cells on the respiratory mucosa? produce sticky mucous and secret it to the internal surface of the trachea.

7. Name the smallest bronchi and describe how its anatomy is different from other larger bronchi. The bronchioles are anatomically different from the bronchi because there is no cartilage in it while there are rings of cartilage.

8. Describe the composition and function of the respiratory membrane (also called the air-blood barrier).

   1. Function in gas exchange/ separates air from blood capillaries

                                                     i.     Alveolar epithelium

                                                   ii.     Fused basement membranes

                                                  iii.     Capillary endothelium

9. Air/gas flow from an area of    high    (high or low?) partial pressure to an area of   low         (high or low?) partial pressure.

10. What drives the air to flow out of the lungs during expiration? And what drives the air to flow into the lungs during inspiration? Be specific.

    1. Air flows into the lungs/ inspiration – the pressure in the lungs decrease and become lower than that of the atmosphere.

    2. Air flows out of the lungs/ expiration – volume lowers, pressure in the lungs increase

11. Name the 2 brain areas involved in the control of respiration. Which of them provides involuntary control? Which of them provides voluntary control?

    1. Brain stem – involuntary control, the is telling the body to breath

    2. Cerebrum – voluntary control, provides control during breath-holding, singing, and speaking

12. Explain why it is impossible to stop breathing voluntarily for an extended time. Involuntary control overrides voluntary control, breathing is done by the brain stem therefor involuntary. Carbon dioxide levels rise and become dangerous for the body, the brain stem will take over.

13. Name two factors that influence the respiratory rate.

    1. A decrease of blood pH

    2. Irritation in the air way

14. Define external respiration and internal respiration.

    1. External respiration – the alveolar gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood. Major way oxygen is transported in the blood.

    2. Internal respiration – systemic gas exchange between systemic capillary blood and tissue fluid . major form in which CO2 is transported in the blood.

15. Which membrane transport mechanism is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs? (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, or active transport?) simple diffusion

16. What determines in which direction CO2 and O2 will diffuse in the lungs? In the tissues? They will each diffuse to whatever has the lowest levels.

17. How can Oxygen levels in the atmosphere influence respiration and therefore Oxygen levels in the body? It can lower or raise oxygen levels of the body

18. Aspirin is an acidic substance. Describe the pathway by which an aspirin overdose causes an increase in respiratory rate, and explain how this increase would be helpful to the victim.

    1. higher levels of carbon dioxide, the more acidic the blood and the lower the blood pH. The decrease of blood pH is one of the most powerful stimuli to the respiratory center in the brain stem. It results in an increase in the rate and depth of breathing.

19. What is the major way that oxygen is transported in the blood? External respiration

20. What is the major form in which CO2 is transported in the blood? Internal respiration

21. Describe the mechanism of carbon monoxide poisoning. carbon monoxide prevents hemoglobin from transporting O2.

22. Which type of cancer kills more people? Lung cancer

23. Describe the possible respiratory causes and consequences of hypoxia.

    1. Causes- carbon monoxide poisoning

    2. Consequences- no oxygen flowing in blood.

24. Compare and contrast the causes of the common cold or flu, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

    1. Cold or flu - inflammation of mucous membrane of upper respiratory tract; initially viral, may have secondary bacterial infection

    2. Bronchitis – inflammation of bronchia tree, caused by bacterial or irritants, mucous membranes secretes thick mucus-cough to clear lungs

    3. Pneumonia – viral or bacterial causes fluid in the lungs