Bio Exam Study Guide

what is biology

the study of life

what might a biologist do

study the diversity of life, research diseases, develop technologies, improve agriculture, preserve the enviornment

what are the 8 characteristics of life

1. made up of one or more cell

2. displays organization

3. grows and develops

4. reproduces

5. responds to stimuli

6. require energy

7. maintains homeostasis

8. adaptations evolve over time

what does each characteristic of life mean

1. made up of one or more cell- unicellular or multicellular

2. displays organization- arranged in an orderly way

3. grows and develops- addition to mass(growth) process of natural changes over the lifetime(development)

4. reproduces- production of offspring

5. responds to stimuli- the behavior that is manifested by a living organism which is the result if an external or internal stimulus

6. requires energy- need food and energy to live

7. maintains homeostasis- regulation of an organism’s internal conditions to maintain life

8. adaptations evolve over time- enable the species to survive and pas on their genes to the next generation

what is the difference between growth and development

growth- increase in size

development- natural changes over lifetime

what is an example of homeostasis

sweating

what is an observation

direct method of gathering information in an orderly way

what is an inference

process of combining what you know with what you have learned to draw logical conclusions

what are examples of observations and inferences

observation- the sky is blue

inference- since the leaves changed colors, it is fall

what is a hypothesis

testable explanation of a situation

what is an experiment

investigation of a phenomenon in a controlled setting to test a hypothesis

what is an independent variable in an experiment

the tested factor that might affect the outcome of the experiment

what is a dependent variable

results from or depends on changes to the independent variable

what is a control group and what is an experimental group

control- group used for comparison

experimental- group exposes to the factor being tested

what is the point of collecting and graphing data

to see if your hypothesis was proven wrong or right

what is quantitative data

collected as numbers, such as measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, etc.

what is qualitative data

descriptions of what our senses detect

who invented the microscope

robert hooke

what is a microscope used for

magnify small objects

which scientist are responsible for early discoveries in microbiology

leeuwenhoek- single-celled living organisms

schwann- animal tissue also contained cells

virchow- all cells are produced from the division of existing cells

what is a cell

basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

what is cell theory

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and organization of all living organisms, cells arise from only from previously existing cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic material on to their daughter cells

what is the difference between a compound light microscope and electron microscope

compound light- use a series of glass lenses and visible light to magnify images, 1000x

electron- create an image by illuminating a sample with a beam of electrons and collecting the electrons that are reflected back from the sample, 500,000x

how can you calculate magnification on a compound light microscope

4x, 10x, 100x

what are things all cells have in common

plasma membrane

what is a prokaryote

cells without a nucleus or other membrane cound-organelles

what are examples of prokaryotes

bacteria, salmonella, EColi

what are eukaryotes?

contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

examples of eukaryotes

plants, animals, and fungi

differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They include bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, do have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, which help organize and compartmentalize functions in the cell.

analogies to describe either prokaryote or eukaryote

prokaryote- shack

eukaryote- mansion

what is selective permeablitity

the cell membrane can allow things to pass through or not allow

what is the plasma membrane made of

phospholipid bilayers

what is polarity

farthest away from neutral, very positive, or very negative

why does the plasma membrane have polar heads facing outward on each side of the bi-layer?

so the plasma membrane could exist around polar molecules

polar or nonpolar, which one like to be around water

polar

which molecules can diffuses through the membrane and why?

nonpolar, hydrophobic

what is the role of transport protein

it is a way for polar molecules to get through the membrane

what type of molecule would most likely use a transport protein channel

polar

what is cholesterol used for in the cell membrane

separate the nonpolar tails

what are carbohydrates used for

defines the cell’s characteristics, receiving signals from other cells

explain the fluid mosaic model

when you look at the cell from the top it looks like a mosaic pattern, it has a fluid movement.

know how to label the whole membrane

cytoplasm

fluid in the membrane

cytoskeleton

supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a frame work for the cell

microtubules

long, hollow protein cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell

microfilaments

thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and enable the part of the entire cell move

nucleus

contains DNA

ribosomes

organelles that manufacture proteins

endoplasmic reticulum(ER)

membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis

golgi apparatus

flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins,

vacuole

temporary storage, plant cells only

lysosomes

vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles, animal cells only

centrioles

organelles made of microtubules that function during cell division

mitochondria

concert fuel particles into usable energy, powerhouse of the cell

chloroplast

capture light and convert it into chemical energy in process called photosynthesis, plant cells only

cell wall

thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surround the outside of the plasma membrane

cilia

short, numerous projections that look like hair

flagella

longer and less numerous than cilia, move in a whip-like motion

similarities between plant and animals cells

Plant and animal cells are both eukaryotic and contain several diverse organelles that are not found in prokaryotic cells.

differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane

similarities/differences between bacteria and animal cells

similarities: Both bacterial cells and animal cells are composed of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material

differences: Bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles, whereas animal cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

similarities/differences between bacteria and plant

They both have a cell wall but a bacterias cell wall isn't made from cellulose.

process of protein production inside the cell

ribosomes are made in the nucleolus, then is sent to the ER where the ribosomes stick and then create those proteins, they are then sent to the golgi apparatus which packages and sends it off the the cell

diffusion

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration(high to low) no energy

dynamic equilibrium

when diffusion occurs over a long enough time, concentrations will become uniform

facilitated diffusion

uses transport proteins to move ions and small molecules across the plasma membrane

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane( opposite of diffusion) with no energy

trend of movement for osmosis

low solute concentration to high solute concentration

hypotonic solution

lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell

what will happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution

animal cells can burst when placed in extremely hypotonic solutions

hypertonic solution

higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the cell

what will happen in a hypertonic solution

cause wilting in plants

isotonic solution

the same concentration of water and solutes as the cytoplasm of the cell

what will happen in an isotonic solution

there will be no net movement of water

passive transport

does not require energy

active transport

The movement of particles across the cell membrane, against the concentration gradient, requires energy

how does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump work

to maintain levels of sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) inside/outside the cell

how does coupled transport work? what molecules are involved

sugar can pair with Na+ ions and enter the cell through facilitated diffusion-saving energy- sugar and sodium

endocytosis

the process by which a cell surrounds an object in the outside environment in a portion of the plasma membrane

exocytosis

the excretion of materials at the plasma membrane

catabolic reaction

releases energy by breaking down larger molecules

anabolic reaction

use energy to build larger molecules

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

anabolic

what type of reaction is cellular respiration

catabolic

how are cellular respiration and phtotsynthesis related to one another

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP

what is the arrangement of the ATP molecule

nucleotide made of an adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate group

how do you release energy from the ATP molecule

when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken

what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

thylakoid

flattened saclike membranes

grana

stacks of thylakoids

stroma

the fluid-filled space outside the grana

most common pigment found in plants

green

what colors does chlorophyll absorb? reflect?

absorb- red and blue

reflect-green

how do leaves change color in autumn

chlorophyll dies so other pigments are more abundant and other colors of light are reflected

explain how light energy begins the phase of photosynthesis

chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which excites some electrons in the pigment molecules to higher energy levels

what are the products of photosynthesis

ATP, NADPH, Oxygen

how does a plant make NADPH

ferredoxin transfers the electron to the carrier molecule NADP

how does the plant make ATP in phase one

hydrogen ions diffuse through ATP synthase when they diffuse through it , it allows it to join ADP

what is the ATP molecule used for

provides chemical energy