PT 2 APUSH Fall Final 2025

Industrial Revolution

Name for the birth of modern industry and the social changes that accompanied the resulting industrial growth in America

Market Revolution

Increase in goods produced in America from both farms and factories (Spurred on by the Industrial Revolution)

Neomercantilist System

Government-assisted economic development

Southern Economy

depended on agriculture, small farms and large plantations, slaves were main source of labor

Northern Economy

based on industrial Revolution, favored strong national government, Manufacturing and industry

Transportation improvements included..

Roads

Canals

Railroads

Cotton Gin (And Effects)

Invented by Eli Whitney to de-seed cotton

Large scale production of cotton revolutionizes the South

Chattel Principle

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property

Domestic Slave Trade

Between 1830-1860, 1 Million slaves are transported from the Upper to Lower South

Why did the South expand with Slavery?

New technology allowed southern plantation owners to produce more crop. However, they needed slaves to actually do the work.

Upper South

Wealthy (Old money)

Bred Slaves for lower south

Tobacco, rice, cotton

Lower South

"New money"

Cotton, sugar cane

Shorter life expectancy

Gang Labor

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Universal White Male Suffrage

The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's

Election of 1824

Five Democratic Republicans ran making th party factor void

House of Reps had to make the deciding vote

Corrupt Bargain

If Henry Clay rallied support in the House of Reps for John Q. Adams, he would give him the Secretary of State position in his cabinet

Election of 1828

Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President

- Shows off the power of the west

- Adams had most of his support in New England

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Bank Wars

Andrew Jackson's attack on the Second Bank of the United States during the early years of his presidency. In 1832 Andrew Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank of the United State's charter because he viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly: it was a private institution managed by a board of directors.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Nullification Crisis of 1833

South Carolina tried to assert the right to veto (or nullify) national legislation passed by Congress

- Jackson. Vs. John C. Calhoun

2nd Great Awakening

Promoted extreme indvidualism, abolition, communial practices, utopias, and women's equality

Transcedentalism

A philosophy believing they people were at their best when they were self-reliant

Utopias

Americans began to reject life in the new market society and left for rural areas in the Northeast and Midwest

Utopia experiments

Quakers, Fourireism, Mormonism

Abolition and Abolitionists

the movement to end slavery, succesful as a result of slavery being bad in secular, religious, economic, and political ways

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Nat Turner Rebellion

A pastor who leads the deadliest slave revolt in American History

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Manifest Destiny

Belief that it was America's God given right to settle the land

Election of 1844

Henry Clay vs. James Polk

- Debate over expansion

"Fifty Four forty or fight!"

Oregon Treaty of 1846

Established boundaries of Oregon as America and no longer British

California

Some who tried going on the Oregon Trail ended up here.

- Spain created religious missions along the coast

- Was Mexican after Mexico had won independence in 1821

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Life for Southern Whites

- Southern planters established themselves as the elite, nobility, and gentry

- Public schools were not common

- Unending poverty

- No work due to abundance of free labor

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

The Election of 1848

The Free soilers named former President Martin Van Buren as their canidate. The democrats chose Lewis Cass. The Whigs chose Zachary Taylor. Slavery was concidered a very important topic at the time. Van Buren says no slavery. Cass says popular soverignty. Taylor did not speak about the issue. Conclusion Zachary Taylor won the election.

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

- Not much gold to go around, best mining lands were dominated by white americans

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Kansas Nebraska Act:

Organized formally unorganized territory into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska

- Issue of slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty

- Causes major rift with Kansas voters

Bleeding Kansas

North/South financed civil war in Kansas over slavery

John Brown and Harper Ferry

John Brown lead this secretive assault on US weapons in VA

plan was to arm slaves and create a black free state

little slaves joined

Brown and slaves hung

Dred Scott vs. Sandford

Supreme court judge ruled against Scott, stating that slaves are not citizens, so they have no right to sue.

James Buchanan's presidency

Made controversial decisions that would lead to more anger between the North and South

Election of 1860

Democrats divided among themselves

Republicans use this as an advantage

Despite being upopular in the south, Abraham Lincoln is elected presidet

Abraham Lincoln

From a yeoman farm in Kentucky

Lawyer then senator

Started out as Free Soilists, then joined the republicans

Secession

Withdrawal of Southern states from the Union.

- Result of the Election of 1860

South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee

Union

North's population was three times that of the South

Most other countries recognized the Union as the government in America

More industralized and developed

"Yankees"

Confederacy

South had 9 million people, 3 million being slaves

No international recognition

"Rebels"

Draft/Conscription

The system for selecting individuals for conscription, or compulsory military service, first implemented during the Civil War.

What were some ways the wealthy opted out of conscription?

- Twenty-Negro Rule: You could be exempted if you owned more than twenty slaves

- The wealthy could pay to substitute for themselves

Diplomatic War

Pursued by the Confederacy to attempt to gain aid from Britain and France.

- Countered by the Union using naval blockades to avoid foreign intervention

Emancipation

the freeing of slaves

- Developed in stages

Contraband

Unoffical Policty

Slaves who fled behind Union lines

Considered captured war supplies

Forced to labor for the union army

Confiscation Act

An Act that declared that all rebel property used in war, including slaves, could be confiscated and declared that confiscated slaves were free forever.

Second Confiscation Act

Freed the slaves of persons engaged in rebellion against the US. Empowered the president to use freed slaves in the Union Army in any capacity. Passed by Congress in July 1862.

Black troops

Emancipation proclamation invited former slaves to serve in the Union army

Black soldiers earned less than white soldiers and still faced discrimination

Assassination of Lincoln

Five days after the end of the war at Ford's Theater

Assain: John Wilkes Booth

President Andrew Johnson

President after Lincoln, he was impeached in 1868 for violating the Tenure in Office Act by firing his Secretary of War without Senate approval; he was found not guilty in his impeachment trial, so he was not removed from office.

-Democrat

Radical Republicans

Group of politicans who formed a faction within the Republican party that lasted from the Civil War into the era of Reconstruction

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Freedman's Bureau

A government agency to aid blacks and other war refugees

Radical Reconstruction Act of 1867

Divided the South into five military districts

- Easier for the federal government to babysit the districts

-Military commanders ensured that freeman could access their new rights

Combatting the South's Opposition

Civl Rights Act of 1866

14th Amendment

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

15th Amendment

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Black Codes

State and local laws passed in the South to discriminate against freedman and to ensure oppression

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

President Ulysses S. Grant

nominated by Republicans; wanted continued Reconstruction; slaves gave Grant margin of victory

Fall of the republican party

Panic of 1873

Scandals in D.C (Whiskey Ring Scandal)

- Party looses focuse on the south

The Ku Klux Klan

White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

Pro slavery, confederate democrats

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South

- Hayes agrees to this so democrats don't infere with inauguration

The Wild West

Spanned from the Great Plains to the California desert

Many who came west were civil war veterans or African American

Mining in the West

Mineral rich areas in the west

Gold, silver, copper..

Corporations dominate mining

Ranching in the West

Transcontinental railroad facilitated transportation of meat to cities

- Beef tycoon emegeres

"The Long Drive,"

Transcontinental railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

- East workers = Irish

- West workers = Chinese

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Fate of the Bison

During 1871-1872, an average of 5,000 bison were killed everyday

30-50 million bison originally

By 1889, less than 1,000 roamed freely

First National Park

Yellowstone; due to railroads and fear of overexpansion

Native American Battles in the West

Natives stood in the way of expansion westward

- Government attempted to assimilate these Natives into white culutre

RIght of Way lands

Native american's lands given to railroad companies

Concentration Policy

The creation of Indian reservations that allowed the government to force tribes into scattered locations, often with land unfitted for agriculture

Treaty of Fort Laramie

the treaty requiring the Sioux to live on a reservation along the Missouri River