Political Parties: Minor & Emerging Parties, Party Funding, Political Parties in Context.

Old Labour (social democracy).

Key Labour principles embodying nationalisation, redistribution of wealth from rich to poor and the provision of continually improving welfare and state services, which largely rejected Thatcherite / free-market reforms or a Blairite approach.

New Labour (Third Way)

A revision of the traditional Labour values and ideals represented by Old Labour. Influencer by Anthony Giddens, the ‘Third Way’ saw Labour shift in emphasis from a heavy focus on the working class to a wider class base, and a less robust alliance with the trade unions.

One Nation

A paternalistic approach adopted by Conservatives under the leadership of Benjamin Disraeli in the 19th century and continued by David Cameron and Theresa May in the 21st century, that the rich have an obligation to help the poor.

New Right

There are two elements - (i) the neo (or new) Conservatives who want the state to take a more authoritarian approach to morality and law and order and (ii) the neo-liberals who endorsed the free-market approach and the rolling back of the state in people’s lives and businesses.

Classical liberals

Classical liberalism is a philosophy developed by early liberals who believed that individual freedom would best be achieved with the state playing a minimal role.

Modern liberals

Modern liberalism emerged as a reaction against free-market capitalism, believing this had led to many individuals not being free. Freedom could no longer simply be defined as ‘being left alone’.

Party systems

The way or manner in which the political parties in a political system are grouped and structured. There are several variants that could apply to the UK, these include one-party dominant, two-party, two-and-a-half party and multi-party systems.

Left wing

A widely-used term for those who desire change, reform and alteration to the way in which society operates. Often this involves radical criticisms of the capitalism made by liberal and socialist parties.

Right wing

This term reflects support for the status quo, little or no change, stressing the need for order, stability and hierarchy - generally relates to Conservative parties.

Populist

A policy (or a movement) that has a very broad based appeal and may cut across or transcends traditional political lines; often seems to involve emotion rather than ideology or detailed analysis.

Social Liberals

A Liberal Democrat grouping that advocates welfare provision for all members of society - as in the design of the Welfare State by Liberal Sir William Beveridge, implemented by the Labour government in 1945.

Orange Book Liberals

A grouping in the Liberal Democrat’s that is essentially economic in nature, favouring free-market solutions. Most Orange Book Liberals share many of the social goals of social liberals.

Consensus politics

Here, the main parties competing for power with a realistic chance of gaining office have very similar beliefs, goals and policies. Since the 1990s there has been a post-Thatcher consensus embracing the free market and social reforms on the 1980s and 1990s.

Adversary politics

A situation where the main opposing parties have opposite ideological views and recommend different approaches to the problems (and their solutions) which face society (not to be confused with adversarial politics, which involves the robust cut and thrust of debate).

Party factions

A sub-group within a political party - which is in the main aligned to the current party but which has preferential themes it wishes to see the party take up and promote.