1.1 - Historical Antecedent - Ancient Ages

First recorded civilizations around 3300-750 BC.

Mesopotamia

Corresponds to most parts of present-day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and Turkey

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is between the two rivers of ______

Tigris and Euphrates

– “the land of the black-headed people”

Sumer

wedgeshaped scripts pressed into clay tablets

Cuneiform

used the main base 60 and the auxiliary base 10

• Sumerian number system

– allowed them to travel by sea

Sumerian sailboat

first used by the Sumerians for pottery in 3500 BC and later for transportation

Sumerian wheel

to collect floodwaters coming from the Tigris and Euphrates

Flood bank

became the basis for having 12 lunar months in a year

Sumerian lunar calendar

served as the center of Mesopotamian civilization

Babylonian Civilization

derived from bav-il or bav-ilim meaning "Gates of the Gods

Babylonian Civilization

Babylon is first mentioned in

Genesis 10

According to Genesis 10, Noah’s son, Ham became the father of _________ who became the father of ________

Cush

Nimrod

Genesis 11 tells the story of the

Tower f Babel

References to Babylon in the biblical books of Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezequiel, Daniel, and the Revelations prompted the expedition of German archaeologist _________

Robert Koldewey

Koldewey's team discovered a basement with fourteen large rooms with stone arch ceilings believed to be

the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

The land of Egypt was known as Kemet, meaning

Black Land"

a 20-meter high statue made of white limestone depicting a reclining sphinx with a lion's body and a human head

Great Sphinx of Giza

served as tombs for the kings and queens of Egypt

Pyramids

pharaoh of the third dynasty of the Old Kingdom built the first Step Pyramid in Saqqara designed by Imhotep

Djoser

- similar to paper was used by the Egyptians as a writing surface

Papyrus

wrote texts describing more than 200 diseases and their corresponding treatments

Imhotep

an ancient civilization located in present-day Pakistan and Northwest India

Indus Valley Civilization

In the 1920s, unearthed the ruins of the ______________-the 4,600-year-old city of Mohenjo-Daro

Indus Valley Civilization

introduced new techniques of metallurgy (bronze, tin, lead) and copper, and lead) handicraft (seal carving and carnelian products)

Indus Valley Civilization

The Greeks and the Romans called China Seres meaning

"the land where the silk comes from"

first to record astronomical phenomena such as the solar eclipse and one of the few to witness a guest star supernova at 1054 BC that created the Crab Nebula

Ancient China

type of ceramic clay pottery

Porcelain

originated in China as early as the Chinese Neolithic period

Silk

initially used for fireworks, was also one of the popular creations of Chinese Taoist

Gunpowder

Ancient Greece refers to a time between 800 BC and 500 BC after the so-called

Greek Dark Ages

Greece is also known as _________ or ______, which is "Greece" in Greek

Hellas

Ellada

These philosophers and many who came after them denied the explanation of religion, superstition, and myths in decoding the human condition and the mechanisms of the world

Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates

best known for the Pythagorean Theorem

Pythagoras

first Western Philosopher and Mathematician, became popular for his precise prediction of the solar eclipse on May 28, 585 BC

Thales of Miletus

– “Father of Western Medicine”

Hippocrates

the pioneering invention that contributed to the creation of water mills.

Philo's Perachora wheel

constructed for water management in Samos and Athens.

Aqueducts

Ctesibius is known for developing the water clock or

clepsydra

invention of the ____ is attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse during the First Punic War

odometer

first to describe and diagnose symptoms of different diseases and their corresponding treatments

Galen

built the first Roman aqueduct called Aqua Appia

Appius Claudius Caecus

the largest amphitheater ever built

Colosseum

- a former Roman temple

Pantheon

For long range artilleries, the Romans used the ______to penetrate enemy frontiers

ballista

The ____, adopted from the Greeks, was a combustible weapon capable of propelling bombs at the opponen

Greek fire

A historical region and cultural area in North America that spans territories from Mexico to Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador

Mesoamerica

The Maya civilization built a number of _____________where astronomical events were studied

observatories

Aztecs used pictographs as their system of writing, and their language was called the

Nahuatl

the largest Mesoamerican civilization.

Inca civilization

a set of strings used for recording information such as tax records, census records, and calendar information.

Quipu

Inca's official language

Quechua