General physiology of the nervous system

Reflexes are defined as motor, vasomotor and secretory according to:

a) the location of the receptors
b) the type of the effector
c) the mechanism of their formation
d) the type of reflex arc
e) the complexity of the reflex arc

b) the type of the effector

irradiation of the excitation in the nervous system is achieved by:

a) release of comediators
b) increased velocity of conduction in neurons
c) inhibition
d) divergence
e) convergence

d) divergence

conditioned reflexes are:

a) inborn
b) permanents
c) individual
d) the same in every human
e) have constant reflex arch

c) individual

what is the interaction between two inhibitory neurons known as:

a) recurrent inhibition
b) disinhibition
c) presynaptic inhibition
d) lateral inhibition
e) reciprocal inhibition

b) disinhibition

in which sensory system is lateral inhibition used:

a) auditory system
b) tactile
c) olfactory system
d) gustatory system
e) visual system

e) visual system

abdominal wall rigidity reflex is:

a) baroreceptive reflex
b) somato-somatic
c) viscero-somatic
d) viscero-visceral
e) somato-visceral

c) viscero-somatic

which glial cells help regulate extracellular k+ levels in the CNS:

a) microcytes
b) astrocytes
c) oligodendrocytes
d) schwann cells
e) ependymal cells

b) astrocytes

alpha-adrenoreceptors:

a) are located in the bronchi and the bronchioles
b) are distinguishable from beta receptors using electron microscopy
c) are involved in the vasodilation responses to adrenaline in skin
d) can be stimulated by both adrenaline and noradrenaline
e) are involved in heart rate responses to noradrenaline

d) can be stimulated by both adrenaline and noradrenaline

which one of the following is characteristic of type A nerve fibers:

a) nociception
b) slower conduction than C fibers
c) motor only
d) myelinated
e) sensory only

d) myelinated

the unique property of the neuron is:

a) communication
b) contraction
c) secretion
d) energy production
e) excitation

a) communication

the electroencephalogram (EEG) registers the activity of the:

a) reticular activating system
b) cortex
c) limbic system
d) thalamus
e) brain stem

b) cortex

the medulla oblongata does not regulate which of the following

a) breathing
b) swelling
c) body temperature
d) vomiting
e) sneezing

c) body temperature

what anatomical region of a multipolar neuron has the lowest threshold for generating an action potential

a) soma
b) distal axon
c) dendrites
d) axon hillock
e) proximal axon

d) axon hillock

the action potential of a nerve cell:

a) results from a large increase in membrane permeability to Na+ ions
b) can summate with one another
c) may vary considerably in amplitude
d) become larger as stimulus strength
e) follows from a decrease in membrane permeability for K+ ions

a) results from a large increase in membrane permeability to Na+ ions

prevertebral sympathetic ganglia are involved with the innervation of the:

a) abdominal organs
b) thoracic organs
c) head
d) hair erector muscles
e) skeletal muscles

a) abdominal organs

excitation in the nervous system is summed up by:

a) release of comediators
b) increased velocity of conduction in neurons
c) inhibition
d) divergence
e) convergence

e) convergence

a reflex action:

a) is initiated by sensory receptors
b) always results in endocrine secretion
c) involves transmission across at least two central nervous synapses in series
d) is always inhibitory
e) is independent of higher centres in the brain

a) is initiated by sensory receptors

at the neuromuscular junction:

a) the muscle membrane possesses muscarinic receptors
b) the motor nerve endings secrete norepinephrine
c) curare leads to prolongation of neuromuscular transmission
d) the motor nerve endings secrete acetylcholine
e) none of the answers are correct

d) the motor nerve endings secrete acetylcholine

the cerebrospinal fluid:

a) protects the brain from injury when the head is moved
b) is formed in the arachnoid granulations
c) provides the brain with most of its nutrition
d) has a lower pressure than that in the cerebral venous sinuses
e) flows around the adult brain and is around 5 litres per day

a) protects the brain from injury when the head is moved

an excitatory post-synaptic potential

a) is the depolarisation of a post-synaptic nerve cell membrane that occurs when a presynaptic neurone is stimulated
b) involves reversal of polarity across the spot-synaptic nerve cell membrane
c) may be recorded from a posterior root ganglion cell
d) is propagated at the same rate as an action potential
e) is caused by the electrical field induced by activity in the pre-synaptic nerve terminals

a) is the depolarisation of a post-synaptic nerve cell membrane that occurs when a presynaptic neurone is stimulated

where is the receptor located in exteroreceptive reflexes:

a) tendons and muscles
b) joints
c) blood vessels
d) skin and mucosa
e) visceral organs

d) skin and mucosa

during deep sleep there is a fall in:

a) skin temperature of the hand
b) metabolic rate
c) arterial pCO2
d) blood growth hormone/ cortisol ratio
e) pH

b) metabolic rate

sympathetic:

a) ganglionic transmission is mediated by acetylcholine
b) neuromuscular transmission in the heart is mediated by acetylcholine
c) neuromuscular transmission of the hand is mediated by acetylcholine
d) neuroglandular transmission in sweat glands is mediated by noradrenaline
e) neuromuscular transmission in the iris is mediated by acetylcholine

a) ganglionic transmission is mediated by acetylcholine

Select the excitatory neurotransmitter:

a) GABA;
b) glutamine
c) glycine;
d) serotonin
e) dopamine

b) glutamine

the blood-brain barrier:

a) slows equilibration of solutes between blood and brain tissue fluids
b) is a more effective barrier for fat soluble substances than water soluble substances
c) is a more effective barrier in infants than in adults
d) is a more effective barrier for CO2 than for O2
e) permits hydrogen ions to pass freely

a) slows equilibration of solutes between blood and brain tissue fluids

most axons are covered by a fatty sheath called:

a) myelin
b) neurilema
c) the nodes of Ranvier
d) neural adipose
e) sarcolema

a) myelin

Electroencephalogram (EEG) normally shows voltage waves:

a) whose amplitude is related to intelligence
b) of lower frequency during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness
c) of smaller amplitude during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness
d) of greater amplitude than those of electrocardiogram
e) which are bilaterally unsymmetrical

b) of lower frequency during deep sleep than during alert wakefulness

which are the most important EEG waves during wakefulness with opened eyes:

a) gamma
b) alpha
c) beta
d) delta
e) alpha and beta

c) beta

Parasympathetic nerves:

a) have no effect on lacrimation
b) cause vasodilation in skeletal muscle during prolonged exercise
c) have effects on intestinal smooth muscles opposite to sympathetic nerves
d) cause sweat secretion in skin when body temperature rises
e) have longer postganglionic than preganglionic fibers

c) have effects on intestinal smooth muscles opposite to sympathetic nerves

The (alpha) rhythm of the electroencephalogram

a) Disappears when the eyes are closed.
b) Is an electrical potential with an amplitude around one millivolt.
c) Has a frequency of 8-12 Hz.
d) Has a lower frequency than the (delta) rhythm.
e) Indicates that the subject is awake.

c) Has a frequency of 8-12 Hz.

Laws of transmission in chemical synapses:

a) one way conduction;
b) amplitude coding in the postsynaptic membrane;
c) delayed transmission;
d) two way conduction
e) summation;

d) two way conduction

generalised parasympathetic activity is characterised by:

a) contraction of the radial muscle in the iris
b) increased secretion of catecholamines
c) increased activity of digestive system
d) lipolysis in adipose tissue
e) increased conduction rate in the atrio-ventricular bundle

c) increased activity of digestive system

acetylcholine:

a) acts on the same type of receptor on postganglionic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
b) acts on different type of receptor on target organ cholinergic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve terminals
c) acts on the same type of receptor at autonomic ganglia and at somatic neuromuscular junctions
d) acts on alpha and beta receptors
e) in blood is hydrolysed by the same cholinesterase as is found at neuromuscular junctions

a) acts on the same type of receptor on postganglionic fibers in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

sensory neurons have:

a) a short dendrite and a long axon
b) a short dendrite and a short axon
c) a long dendrite and a short axon
d) a long dendrite and a long axon
e) their axons and dendrites may be either long or short

c) a long dendrite and a short axon

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential:

a) may be recorded in a postganglionic sympathetic neurone
b) may be recorded in an axon
c) does no exceed one millivolt in amplitude
d) moves membrane potential towards the equilibrium potential for sodium
e) may summate in space and time with other excitatory and inhibitory potentials in the same neurone

e) may summate in space and time with other excitatory and inhibitory potentials in the same neurone

a volley of impulses travelling in a presynaptic neurone causes:

a) a identical volley in the postsynaptic neurone
b) summation of action potentials
c) an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic nerve terminals to calcium
d) the generation of at least one action potential in the post synaptic neurone
e) endocytosis of neurotransmitter

c) an increase in the permeability of the presynaptic nerve terminals to calcium

pain receptors are:

a) similar in structure to Pacinian corpuscles
b) stimulated by a rise in the local K+ concentration
c) quick to adapt to a constant stimulus
d) more easily stimulated in intact than in injured tissues
e) stimulated in the wall of the gut by agents which damage the tissues

b) stimulated by a rise in the local K+ concentration

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep differs from non REM sleep in that:

a) the EEG shows waved of higher frequency
b) muscle tone is higher
c) heart rate and respiration are more regular
d) secretion of growth hormone is increased
e) blood pressure is decreased

a) the EEG shows waved of higher frequency

where is the receptor located in proprioreceptive reflexes:

a) joints, tendons and muscles
b) serous cavities
c) blood vessels
d) skin and mucosa
e) visceral organs

a) joints, tendons and muscles

excessive formation of a substance/secretion in the body is controlled in order to maintain homeostasis by:

a) positive feedback mechanism
b) negative feedback mechanism
c) osmosis
d) haemodynamics
e) up-regulation

b) negative feedback mechanism

Delta wave activity in the electroencephalogram:

a) is low in frequency and amplitude
b) suggests that the patient is alert and concentrating
c) suggests that the patient is with opened eyes
d) is a feature of petit mal epilepsy
e) is more common in children than in adults while they are awake

e) is more common in children than in adults while they are awake

in which glial cells is the enzyme carbonic anhydrase found:

a) microcytes
b) oligodendrocytes
c) schwann cells
d) astrocytes
e) ependymal cells

d) astrocytes

the sympathetic response to stress includes:

a) increased blood pressure and increased glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles
b) decreased glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles
c) increased glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles
d) decreased blood clotting
e) decrease of respiratory rate

a) increased blood pressure and increased glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles

atropine causes:

a) paralysis of accommodation for near vision in the eye
b) constriction of the pupil
c) constriction of the bronchi
d) diarrhoea
e) bradychardia

a) paralysis of accommodation for near vision in the eye

Blockade of parasympathetic activity causes a reduction in:

a) sweat production;
b) resting hear
c) blood pressure.t rate;
d) the strength of skeletal muscle contraction;
e) salivation;

e) salivation;

blockade of beta receptors is not likely to cause:

a) disturbance in renal-angiotensin-aldosterone system
b) impaired relaxation of the smooth muscles in the digestive system
c) worsening of the condition in patients with bronchial asthma
d) worsening of the condition in patients in cardiac failure
e) inability to increase heart rate during exercise in patients with transplanted hearts

b) impaired relaxation of the smooth muscles in the digestive system

what is transported by retrograde axonal transport:

a) products of the mediators degradation
b) mediators
c) structural proteins
d) modulators
e) nucleic acids

a) products of the mediators degradation

all of these characteristics belong to postsynaptic potentials, except for:

a) there are no refractory periods
b) they have constant magnitude
c) summation is possible
d) typically occur at the cell body of a neurone
e) they are decremental

b) they have constant magnitude

compared with the endocrine system regulation of the body by the nervous system provides,

a) relatively slow but long lasting responses to stimuli
b) swift but brief responses to stimuli
c) swift, long lasting responses to stimuli
d) antagonist hormone interactions
e) relatively slow, short lived responses to stimuli

b) swift but brief responses to stimuli

which of these characteristics is not related to the parasympathetic division of the ANS:

a) urination
b) defecation
c) sweating
d) salivation
e) lacrimation

c) sweating

which of the following has the slowest conduction:

a) A-alpha fibers
b) A-beta fibers
c) A-gamma fibers
d) B fibers
e) C fibers

e) C fibers

saltatory conductions:

a) is seen only in myelinated nerve fibers
b) is slower than non saltatory conduction
c) is not affected if a local anaesthetic is applied to the nodes of Ranvier
d) is seen only in sensory fibers
e) is seen only in the cortex

a) is seen only in myelinated nerve fibers

myelin sheath is produced by:

a) axoplasm
b) mitochondria
c) Schwann cell
d) muscle cell
e) endocrine cell

c) Schwann cell

the morphological substrate of the fast anterograde axonal transport is:

a) myofilaments
b) microtubules
c) ribosomes
d) sarcoplasmic reticulum
e) ion channels

b) microtubules

Sleep is associated with:

a) an alpha rhythm in the electroencephalogram;
b) increased activity in the reticular activating system;
c) a beta rhythm in the EEG;
d) a high level of vagal tone to the heart and grinding movements of
the teeth;
e) a rise in central body temperature.

d) a high level of vagal tone to the heart and grinding movements of
the teeth;

from childhood to old age:

a) there is a steady increase in total sleeping time per day
b) deep (stage 4) sleep increases as a percentage of total daily sleep
c) body water as a percentage of body mass increases
d) sleep becomes less aggregated into a single sleeping period
e) basal metabolic rate increases

d) sleep becomes less aggregated into a single sleeping period

the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the ANS secrete:

a) dopamine
b) acetylcholine
c) adrenaline
d) serotonin
e) histamine

b) acetylcholine

the adrenergic effect on the motor activity of the digestive system is:

a) to cause mixing movements
b) to cause peristalsis
c) to inhibit the motor activity
d) to cause mass movements
e) is dose dependant

c) to inhibit the motor activity

reflexes are defined as somatic, visceral and mixed:

a) according to the location of the receptors
b) according to the type of the reflex arc
c) according to the effectors
d) according to the location of the interneurons
e) according to formation

b) according to the type of the reflex arc

the adrenal medulla is innervated by:

a) preganglionic cholinergic neurons
b) postganglionic cholinergic neurons
c) preganglionic adrenergic neurons
d) postganglionic adrenergic neurons
e) preganglionic dopaminergic neurons

a) preganglionic cholinergic neurons

the increased tone of the parasympathetic division leads to:

a) contraction of the pupils and bronchial smooth muscle fibers
b) dilation of the pupils and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers
c) contraction of the pupils and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle
d) dilation of the pupils and contraction of the bronchial smooth muscle fibers
e) dilation of the pupils and no effect on the bronchial smooth muscle fibers

a) contraction of the pupils and bronchial smooth muscle fibers

the bodies of sensory neurons are located:

a) in the anterior horns of the spinal cord
b) in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and the nuclei of cranial nerves
c) in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
d) in the cerebral cortex
e) outside the CNS

c) in the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

the main structural functional unit in the nervous system is:

a) axon
b) dendrites
c) neurons
d) brain nucleus
e) neural network

c) neurons

Glial tissue:

a) participates in the processing of information
b) participates in the transmission of information
c) participates in the storage of information
d) participates in the reception of information
e) has a metabolic and supporting function

e) has a metabolic and supporting function

what is the name of the set of neurons in the CNS required for the occurance of a certain reflex:

a) reflex arc
b) motor unit
c) receptive filed
d) nerve centre
e) effectors

d) nerve centre

reflexes are divided into mono- and polysynaptic according to:

a) the location of receptors
b) the type of effector
c) the mechanism of their formation
d) the type of reflex arc
e) the complexity of the reflex arc

e) the complexity of the reflex arc

reflexes are classified as conditioned and unconditioned according to:

a) the location of the receptors
b) the type of effectors
c) the mechanism of their formation
d) the location of the nerve centre
e) the complexity of the reflex arc

c) the mechanism of their formation

which of the following glial cells are related to the formation of the blood-brain barrier:

a) microcytes
b) oligodendrocytes
c) schwann cells
d) astrocytes
e) ependymal cells

d) astrocytes

which of the glial cells perform phagocytosis:

a) microcytes and oligodendrocytes
b) oligodendrocytes and protoplasmic astrocytes
c) reactive astrocytes and fibrous astrocytes
d) microcytes and reactive astrocytes
e) microcytes and fibrous astrocytes.

d) microcytes and reactive astrocytes