New AP Euro Chapter 24

What were the main factors that created tensions between European nations before WWI?

Nationalism, imperial rivalries, and militarism.

What was the significance of Marie and Pierre Curie's discovery?

They discovered radioactivity, proving atoms were divisible, which revolutionized physics and medicine.

What did Max Planck contribute to physics?

He developed quantum theory, showing that energy is quantized, altering fundamental physics.

What is the core idea of Einstein's theory of relativity?

Time and space are relative, challenging the concept of absolute time and space.

What did Friedrich Nietzsche mean by 'God is dead'?

He criticized reason and Christianity, signifying a decline in religious influence.

What was Henri Bergson's view on reality?

He argued that reality is fluid and intuitive, challenging rationalism.

Define revolutionary socialism.

The belief that a violent revolution is necessary to overthrow capitalism.

What is psychoanalysis according to Freud?

A method of exploring the unconscious mind to understand behavior.

What do the id, ego, and superego represent in Freud's theory?

Id: instinctual desires; Ego: reality-based mediator; Superego: moral conscience.

What does Social Darwinism entail?

Applying 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, promoting nationalism.

How did Bernhardi and Chamberlain extend Darwin's ideas?

Bernhardi advocated for racial struggle, and Chamberlain viewed Aryans as superior.

Why did the Church lose influence in urban areas during this period?

Anticlericalism grew due to industrialization, science, and secularism.

What was Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors?

A rejection of modernism and a statement against liberalism.

What is religious Modernism?

An attempt to reconcile Christianity with modern ideas, which was condemned by the Church.

What was the significance of Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, De Rerum Novarum?

It advocated for social justice and inspired movements like the Salvation Army.

Define Modernism in art and literature.

A movement breaking with tradition, focusing on new ideas like Naturalism.

Who was Emile Zola and what is his contribution?

A Naturalist writer who highlighted social issues in his series, Rougon-Macquart.

What defined the golden age of Russian literature?

Tolstoy explored history and morality, while Dostoevsky examined psychology and redemption.

How did Symbolism serve as a reaction against Realism?

Symbolism emphasized emotions and imagination over external reality.

What characterized Impressionism in art?

An art style capturing fleeting light and color, exemplified by Monet and Renoir.

What is Post-Impressionism?

An art movement that built on Impressionism while adding more structure.

How did 20th-century art evolve from earlier styles?

It moved away from realism and focused on abstract ideas.

What is Cubism?

A fragmented, geometric art style developed by Picasso.

How did nationalism manifest in music during this period?

Composers like Grieg, Debussy, and Stravinsky incorporated their national influences.

What was the impact of intellectual anxieties on democracy?

Liberals feared instability and adapted policies to maintain control.

How did women's rights progress during this time?

Advancements occurred in Britain and France, while Spain and Italy lagged behind.

What distinguished suffragists from suffragettes?

Suffragists (Fawcett) used peaceful protests; Suffragettes (Pankhurst) employed militant tactics.

What act of protest did Emily Davison engage in?

She died after running in front of the king's horse advocating for women's suffrage.

Who was Bertha von Suttner and what did she advocate for?

A pacifist who authored Lay Down Your Arms, promoting peace.

What does the term 'new woman' refer to?

Independent, educated women exemplified by figures like Maria Montessori.

What led to the rise of anti-Semitism in Europe?

Nationalism and racial theories fueled discrimination against Jews.

Why was anti-Semitism particularly strong in Eastern Europe?

Jewish communities were blamed for economic and political problems.

What was Zionism?

The movement for a Jewish homeland, prominently led by Theodor Herzl.

How did labor demands influence liberal policies?

Labor movements pressured governments to embrace social welfare.

Who was David Lloyd George?

A British Prime Minister known for expanding social reforms through taxation.

How did Lloyd George's actions affect the House of Lords?

He weakened their power to facilitate the passing of reforms.

What were the main tensions surrounding the Irish Home Rule conflict?

Ireland's request for independence caused deep political divisions.

Define transformismo in the context of Italian politics.

A corrupt political practice where politicians shifted alliances for power.

What was the significance of the Dreyfus Affair?

A wrongful conviction that heightened tensions and fueled the Zionist movement.

Why was Germany conflicted between modernity and tradition?

Rapid industrialization challenged conservative societal values.

What did the Pan-German League promote?

Nationalism and the expansion of German influence.

How did universal male suffrage exacerbate tensions in Austria-Hungary?

It intensified ethnic conflicts within the empire.

How did Austria's Social Democratic Party differ from Germany's SPD?

Austria's party was more nationalist and less revolutionary.

What caused Hungary's independence movement to fail?

Internal divisions and suppression by Austrian authorities.

Who was Sergei Witte and what was his main contribution?

The Russian finance minister responsible for modernizing the industry.

What led to the revolution in Russia in 1905?

Economic struggles, political repression, and military defeats.

What conflict did Russia face in East Asia?

Clash with Japan over territories in Manchuria and Korea.

What occurred on Bloody Sunday in 1905?

A massacre of protesters that led to the October Manifesto and the establishment of the Duma.

How did the United States expand its territories during this period?

By acquiring overseas territories including Hawaii and the Philippines.

What was happening in Canada in the late 19th century?

Canada expanded westward and gained greater autonomy.

Define New Imperialism in contrast to earlier imperialism.

A more aggressive approach to territorial expansion among European powers.

What motivated European colonization of Africa and Asia?

Racism, religious zeal, and economic interests drove the colonization efforts.

How did Europe manage to dominate Africa rapidly?

Advanced military technology and strategic agreements enabled quick domination.

What was the British-Dutch conflict in South Africa about?

Clashes over land and resources that affected native populations.

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A British imperialist who played a significant role in expanding British control in Southern Africa.

What was the Boer War and what were its outcomes?

A conflict between the British and Dutch Boers (1899-1902) that resulted in British victory and the creation of the Union of South Africa.

Who opened the Suez Canal and what were its implications?

Opened by Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1869, it shortened trade routes, later controlled by Britain in 1882.

What humiliation did Italy experience during the scramble for Africa?

Defeat at the Battle of Adwa (1896) by Ethiopia, preventing colonization.

Describe the exploitation of the Belgians in the Congo under King Leopold II.

A brutal regime that exploited locals for rubber, causing millions of deaths.

What roles did David Livingstone and Henry Stanley play in imperialism?

Livingstone was an explorer, and Stanley, while mapping Africa, assisted Leopold II in claiming the Congo.

What territories did France control in Africa?

Northwest Africa (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) and much of West Africa (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast).

What was the Berlin Conference and its significance?

A 1884-85 meeting to divide Africa among European nations; Germany was at a disadvantage due to being newly unified.

Which two African states escaped colonization, and what technological advantage did Europeans have?

Ethiopia and Liberia remained free; the Maxim machine gun provided military superiority.

What impact did British rule have on India?

India was exploited for resources, leading to significant cultural and economic changes.

How did Russia expand its territory in East Asia?

Expanded into Manchuria while also seeking control in the Balkans.

What characterized China’s situation in the 19th century?

Foreign powers dominated trade, and extraterritorial rights allowed foreigners to evade Chinese law.

Explain Japan's rise to dominance over Korea during the early 20th century.

Japan defeated China (1895) and Russia (1905), eventually annexing Korea in 1910.

Which power controlled Southeast Asia, specifically Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia?

France dominated these regions, referred to as French Indochina.

How did American imperialism differ from that of Europe?

The U.S. focused on economic influence rather than territorial acquisition, expanding into Hawaii and the Philippines.

What were educated African leaders' perspectives on European imperialism?

They admired European progress but resented the oppression faced under colonial rule.

What was the Boxer Rebellion and its resolution?

An anti-foreigner uprising in 1900 that was crushed by foreign military forces.

What was the Meiji Era in Japan?

A period of extensive modernization and reform in government, industry, and military from 1868-1912.

How did Indians react to British rule during the Raj, and what caused divisions?

Nationalist movements thrived, but divisions arose from caste, religion, and regional differences.

What were the effects of British industrialization on India?

It improved infrastructure but decimated local industries and caused famines.

Why did Bismarck seek alliances with Austria-Hungary and Russia, and why did these alliances fail?

He wanted to secure stability but failed due to the Austro-Russian rivalry over the Balkans.

How did Bulgaria's independence create issues for Austria-Hungary?

It upset the balance of power with the Ottomans; the Congress of Berlin reduced its territory.

What was the Triple Alliance and its purpose?

An alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in 1882 to counter France and Russia.

What were Bismarck's concerns about Wilhelm II letting the treaty with Russia lapse?

He feared it would lead to a Franco-Russian alliance, which eventually occurred.

What was the Triple Entente and why was it established?

An alliance of France, Russia, and Britain formed in 1907 in opposition to the Triple Alliance.

What were the repercussions of Austria's annexation of Bosnia in 1908?

It angered Serbia and Russia, escalating tensions in the Balkans.

What were the Balkan Wars, and what occurred during them?

The first war saw the Balkans defeating the Ottomans; the second involved Serbia fighting Bulgaria for territory.

What factors contributed to Serbia's resentment toward Austria-Hungary by 1914?

Austria's opposition to Serbian expansion and denial of Slavic nationalism fueled tensions leading to WWI.