Chapter 10: Cellular respiration and fermentation

for each glucose molecule in glycolysis...

2 ATP are gained

during the krebs cycle

a little more energy is generated from pyruvic acid

food helps living things...

grow and reproduce

chemical energy from food is released when...

the chemical bonds are broken

food groups

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

calorie

1000 calories =

one Calorie (kilocalories)

actually kilocalories

the calories on food labels =

most calories

fats

cells gradually break down food molecules and use the energy stored in the chemical bonds such as...

ATP

6CO2 + C6H12O6 ---) 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

equation for cellular respiration (symbols)

the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

cellular respiration

equation for cellular respiration (words)

oxygen + glucose ---) carbon dioxide + water + energy

Glycolysis

chemical pathway in which glucose enters

three main stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

only small amount of energy produced in this stage

first stage: glycolysis

purpose of glycolysis

make pyruvic acid

oxygen

one of the worlds most powerful energy acceptors

produces the bulk of the energy

electron transport chain

pathways of cellular respiration that require oxygen

aerobic

examples of aerobic pathways

krebs cycle, electron transport chain

aerobic processes occur in...

mitochondria

does not directly require oxygen, or rely on an oxygen-requiring process to run

anaerobic

example of anaerobic pathways:

glycolysis

"deposits"

photosynthesis "_______________" energy

"withdraws"

cellular respiration "_______________" energy

gylcolysis takes place in the...

cytoplasm

1 glucose molecule is transformed into...

2 molecules of pyruvic acid

the cell uses 2 ATP to...

get glycolysis started

During glycolysis

the cell makes 2 ATP

NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and an H and becomes:

NADH

for each one molecule of glucose, ___ NADH are produced

2

NADH will transfer it's electrons to the...

electron transport chain

glycolsis energy yield is...

small

gylcolysis breaks down...

glucose in the cytoplasm

what does glycolysis require to get started?

2 ATP

net production of ATP in glycolysis

2

net production of NADH in glycolysis

2

net production of pyruvate acid in glycolysis

2

where does the krebs cycle take place

mitochondrial matrix

lazy river located in the inner membrane

matrix

first compound formed in the krebs cycle

citric acid

completes one krebs cycle

2 turns

each molecule of glucose results in...

2 turns of the krebs cycle

what is produced for each complete krebs cycle?

6 co2, 2 FADH, 8 NADH, 2 ATP

what happens to Co2 after the krebs cycle?

it is released into the air

what happens to the FADH2 and the NADH after the krebs cycle?

they carry their electrons to the ETC

during the electron transport chain, the NADH and the FADH2 pass their high-energy electrons to:

electron carrier proteins in the electron transport chain

how is the energy from the electrons used in the ETC?

to pump hydrogen ions from the inner mitochondrial membrane to the inner membrane space

inner mitochondrial membrane =

matrix membrane

what causes the h+ ions to move to pass through the ATP synthase?

the high H+ concentration gradient

ATP synthase makes:

ATP

at the end of the electron transport chain, the _____________ combine with the ___________ and __________ to form ______________

electrons, hydrogen, oxygen, water

cellular respiration generates

36 ATP for every glucose molecule

what is the percentage for the amount of energy of glucose that ATP takes up?

36%

energy released as heat

64%

a process that does not require oxygen and releases energy from food molecules and produces some ATP

fermentation

where does fermentation occur?

cytoplasm of the cell

high energy electrons got to the ETC if...

oxygen is present

two types of fermentation

alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation

(THIS ALLOWS GYLCOLYSIS TO CONTINUE PRODUCING ATP) fermentation converts NADH back into...

NAD+ (electron carrier)

example of alcohol fermentation user

yeast

what does alcohol fermentation produce?

ethanol alcohol, carbon dioxide

what is alcohol fermentation used for in reality?

produce alcoholic beverages, causes bread to rise

most organisms carry out fermentation and produce:

2 ATP (no gas)

for quick, short bursts of energy

lactic acid fermentation

for intense exercise

cellular respiration

how does the body store energy?

glycogen

energy form glycogen lasts:

15 mins

backup energy:

fats

reactants of gylcolysis

glucose

products of gylcolysis

pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

reactants of the krebs cycle

pyruvic acid

products of the krebs cycle

carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, ATP

reactants of the ETC

NADH, FADH2, ADP, oxygen

products of the ETC

water, ATP