Microbiology

-Monica

Microbiology

The study of microorganisms

Microbiology

A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification

microbes or germs

Terms used for microorganisms in reference to their role in infection and disease

mikros

Small (Greek)

Logos

science, study

Microorganisms
​

microscopic organisms

Microorganisms
​

include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell cluster and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular

Major Division of microorganisms

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes
​

bacteria, archaea

Eukaryotes
​

Algae, fungi and protozoa

Three domains of life

Domain Eukarya, Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea

Major groups of microorganisms

Bacteria
fungi
algae
protozoa
viruses
helminths (parasitic worms)

Bacteriology

Study of Bacteria

Phycology

Study of Algae

Virology

Study of Virus

Mycology

study of fungi

Protozoology

study of protozoa

Parasitology

Special Branch of protozoology which deals exclusively with the parasitic disease producing protozoa

Cytology

study of structure and function of cells

Serology

The study and use of immunological tests to diagnose and treat disease or identify antibodies or antigens.

Immunology

Study of the humoral and cellular immune response to disease agents and antigens.

Epidemiology

Study of the causes of disease among a population

Epi

upon

Demos

people

logos

study

Etiology

The study of the causation of disease

Bioremediation

The use of microbes to degrade organic matter in sewage and detoxify pollutants such as oil spills

Food Microbiology

Comprehends the study of microorganisms that colonize, modify, and modify and process or contaminate and spoil food

Agricultural Microbiology

use of microbes to increase crop and livestock yield and control of plant pests and animal disease.

Biotechnology

The use of microbes as miniature biochemical factories to produce food and chemicals is centuries old.

genetic engineering

Makes use of molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques as new tools for biotechnology.

Gene Therapy

Replaces missing or defective genes in human cells through genetic engineering

Archaea and Cyanobacteria

First Microbes on earth

3\.5 billion years ago

When did bacteria 1st appeared?

Genetically modified bacteria

used to protect crops from pests and freezing

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

-Dutch linen merchant.
-First to observe living microbes.
-Single-lens magnified up to 300X.

Francesco Redi (1668)

This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat.

Louis Pasteur

Showed microbes caused fermentation

Louis Pasteur

Studied spoilage and introduce pasteurization to prevent it

Louis Pasteur

A key proponent of the " Germ theory of disease"

Photosynthetic Microbes

Microbes are involved in photosynthesis and accounts for \> 50% of earth's oxygen. Also involved in decomposition and nutrient recycling.

Decomposer

Many microbes break down dead and decaying matter and recycle nutrients that can be used by other organism.

Nitrogen Fixation

Some bacteria can take nitrogen from air and incorporate it into soil.

Digestion

Animals have microorganism in their digestive tract, that are essential for digestion and vitamin synthesis.

Microbial ore leaching (Bioleaching)

Process of extracting metals from ores with the use of microorganism. This method is used to recover many different precious metals like copper, lead zinc, gold, silver, and nickel.

Micron or Micrometer

1 millionth of a meter

Nanometer

1 billionth of a meter

Fungi

about 10+ micrometers in diameter

archaea and cyanobacteria

first microbes on earth

Rudolf Virchow

the idea that life arise from "pre-existing life"

Louis Pasteur

He coined the term 'microbiology', 'aerobic', 'anaerobic'.

Louis Pasteur

used cotton plugs in his cultures to prevent air borne contamination, devised aseptic technique.

Robert Koch

German physician who made numerous contributions to microbiology.

Robert Koch

made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease.

Robert Koch

Discovered that bacillus anthracis produced spores

Robert Koch

Developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria, developed methods to cultivate bacteria

Robert Koch

He proved that B. anthracis is the cause of anthrax

Robert Koch

He was the first to use agar as solid culture medium in bacteriology.

Louis Pasteur

Put an end to abiogenesis debate with his goose neck flask experiment.

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Ignaz Semmelweis

father of handwashing

Ignaz Semmelweis

"Savior of Mothers" saved many babies from puerperal ("childbed") fever by suggesting hand washing between patients

Joseph Lister

An English surgeon who came up with the method of sterile surgery and introduced carbolic acid to clean open wounds

Taxonomy

The science of classification of living organism.

Taxonomy

The formal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things.

Carl Linnaeus

"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature

Classification

is the arrangement of organism into taxonomic groups known as taxa or taxon on the basis of similarities or relationship.

nomenclature

is the assignment of names to the various taxa according to international units.

Identification

is the process of determining whether and isolate belongs to one of the established named taxa or represents a previously unidentified species.

Identification

The process of discovering and recording the traits of the organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme.

Levels of classification

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Binomial System of nomenclature

the method of assigning a scientific or specific name

sp.

is used to designate single species

spp.

is used to designate more than one species

ssp.

is used to designate subspecific epithet.

Phylogeny

natural relatedness between groups of living things

phylogenetic relationships

used by biologists to create a system of taxonomy

5 kingdoms

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Carl Woese

discovered archaea

Heterotroph

organisms that derive their nutrients from other organism; require one or more organic compound as their carbon source.

Autothroph

Organism that utilize inorganic source of carbon.

Chemotrophs

organism that obtain energy from organic and inorganic chemical compounds.

Phototrophs

contain pigments that allow them to use light as an energy source

organothrophs

organisms that acquire electron from the same organic molecules that provide them carbon and energy.

Lithotrophs

organism that acquire electron from inorganic sources

Chemoorganotrophs

organism that obtain energy from organic compounds.

Aerobes

Microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the presence of oxygen.

Anaerobes

Microorganisms that can extract energy from the compound only in the absence of oxygen.

Chemolithotrophs

organism that can tap the energy available from inorganic compounds. This form of energy-yielding mechanism is found only in procaryotes.

Extremophiles

Organism inhabiting extreme environment.

Capnophiles

Grow best in environments rich in CO2

Microaerophiles

Grow in the presence of minute quantities of molecular oxygen.

Acidophiles

Extremely acidic

Alkaphiles

Extremely alkaline

Thermophiles/ Sternothermophiles

extremely hot

Psychrophiles (cryophiles)

Extremely cold

Piezophiles (or Barophile)

Extremely high pressure

Halophiles

Extremely salty

Haloduric

organisms that don't prefer salty environment but able to survive there

Inoculation

producing a culture by introducing a tiny sample into a container of nutrient medium.