micropara quiz 5

Phycotoxins (cause)

Substances released by algae that may cause harm to human and animals

Green Algae

Chlorophyll

Brown Algae:

Xanthophyll,

Yellow-Orange algae

Carotenoids

Red/Blue Algae

Phycobilins

Phagocytosis

Takes in larger substances (bacteria, other smaller organisms, fungi, dead/decaying matter, algae, yeast)

Phagocytosis IN PROTOZOA

To engulf/eat through the flexible portion of the cell membrane

Phagocytosis IN PROTOZOA

Engulfs it and brings it into the cell in a vacuole

Malaria

Spread through bites of infected mosquitos (female anopheles mosquito) → vector/carriers, not the source, seen in tropical places

Malaria

Can cause fever and chills

Giardiasis

Diarrhea or stomach cramps caused by parasites in contaminated water, food, or surfaces

African Sleeping Disease

Can manifest symptoms that can disturb the sleeping pattern

African Sleeping Disease

Fever, severe headache, irritability, aching muscles, extreme fatigue

African Sleeping Disease

Transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub-Saharan Africa

Phagocytosis IN AMEBA

Means of ingestion

Phagocytosis in AMEBA

The ingested particle is surrounded by a membrane, and is referred to as a food vacuole (or phagosome)

Phagocytosis in AMEBA

Consumes food particles by phagocytosis by surrounding it with pseudopodia

Ameboid movement

Extends its pseudopodium in the direction it intends to move and the rest of the cell slowly flows into it

Amoebiasis/Amoebic Dysentery

Causative Agent: Entamoeba histolytica

Amoebiasis/Amoebic Dysentery

Transmitted through contaminated human feces

Amoebiasis/Amoebic Dysentery

Also causes extraintestinal amebic abscess

FLAGELLATES

Move by means of flagella

FLAGELLATES

Exhibits a wave-like motion due to their whip-like flagella

African sleeping sickness

Caused by Trypanosomabruceii, transmitted by tsetse fly

merican trypanosomiasis

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Trichomoniasis

Itching, burning, soreness of the genitals, discomfort in urination

Giardiasis

Can give diarrheal episodes and stomach cramps

Cryptosporidiosis

Contaminated food and water

Cryptosporidiosis

Watery diarrhea and common to patients with AIDS (immunocompromised or immunosuppressed)

Cryptosporidiosis

Educate with using hot tubs, lakes, and public pools as the disease could be transmitted through bodies of water and close contact

Babesiosis

Caused by an infected deer tick, carried through contaminated blood transfusion

Babesiosis

Passed by an infected mother to their infants during pregnancy or delivery

Babesiosis

Malaria-like, rare and life-threatening infection of the RBC

Cyclosporiasis

Watery stools/diarrhea

Cyclosporiasis

Consumption of contaminated food and water

Malaria

Female anopheles mosquito

saprophytic fungi

live on organic matter in water and soil.

saprophytic fungi

Purpose: decomposition

parasitic fungi

live on and within animals and humans.

Beneficial fungi

are important in the production of cheeses, beer, wine, and other foods as well as certain drugs (e.g., the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine) and antibiotics.

Zygomycotina

Common bread molds that causes food spoilage

HIGHER FUNGI

Has septate or septal pores

Basudiocytomina

both includes yeast and fungi that infect plants )

Basudiocytomina

fect plants ) ○ Includes large fleshy fungi (mushroom, toadstools, bracket fungi, and puffballs)

Deutoromycotina

Fungi with no mode of sexual reproduction

Deutoromycotina

Fungi Imperfect

Deutoromycotina

Examples: Penicillus and Aspergillus

YEAST

Eukaryotic single-celled organisms that lack mycelia

YEAST

Exists in colonies

true

To differentiate bacteria from fungi, perform gram staining or water/saline drop observation

Blastospores

Individual-celled yeast

Blastospores

They reproduce by budding, but occasionally by spore formation

Blastospores

Produce pseudohyphae (elongated buds)

Chlamydospores:

thick-walled, spore-like structures found in soil, water, skin of plants (grape fermentation), and vegetables

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Baker’s yeast (bread leavening agent)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ferments sugar to alcohol under anaerobic conditions

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Breaks down sugar into carbon dioxide in aerobic conditions

Candida albicans

Most frequently isolated yeast/fungi in human specimen

Candida albicans

An opportunistic yeast that lives harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, gastrointestinal tract and genitourinary tract

Candida albicans

However, when conditions cause a reduction in the number of indigenous bacteria at these sites, flourishes leading to yeast infection of the mouth, skin and vagina

Cycocutus Neoforman

Human disease-causing fungi

MOLDS

Multicellular fungi that grows hyphae

MOLDS

Often seen in water, soil and food

MOLDS

Grow in the form of cytoplasmic hyphae that make up the mycelium of the mould

Aerial hyphae

hyphae which extends above the surface of whatever the mould is growing on

Vegetative hyphae

beneath the surface

aerial hyphae

Reproduction is by spore formation; either sexually or asexually, on

aerial hyphae

It is therefore important to not smell molds

basidiomycotina

You can find various species of molds in different phyla except

Molds

are not always harmful

Molds

roduce antibiotics (penicillium and cephalosporium)

dermatophytes

group of moulds, collectively referred to as, cause tinea infections, also known as ringworm infections

Molds

roduce large quantities of enzymes, citric acids, and other organic acids

FLESHY FUNGI

Encountered in forest, such as mushroom, toadstool, puffballs and bracket fungi

Bracket

hey appear as brackets and attach themselves to wood and other surfaces ● True Fungi

True Fungi

onsist of mycelium (a network of filamentous strands) that grows in the soil or in a rotting log, and a fruiting body (the mushroom that rises above the ground) that forms and releases spores

True Fungi

These spores are much like seed and aids in germination

True Fungi

Once spread, they are able to proliferate and germinate

true

Many mushrooms are delicious to eat but others, including some that resemble edible fungi, are extremely toxic and may cause permanent liver damage and brain damage if ingested

Blights/Rusts

Plant disease caused by fungi, causes yellowing discoloration on the leaves of plants

Mycotoxins

fungal produce causes disease to human and animals, some are highly toxic to our liver, spleen, and kidney

Mycotoxins

May cause gastrointestinal disturbances

Mycoses

Yeast or molds that cause infectious disease, athlete’s foot (fungal/yeast propagation)

Mycoses

Caused by trichophyton, candidiasis￾thrush/vaginitis

Mycoses

May also invade the respiratory system, presenting itself a bronchopulmonary infection (manifesting pneumonia, TB)

Superficial

\:fungal infection on the outermost layer of the body (hair, fingernails, toenails and epidermis, which are all technically dead)

Cutaneous

ungal infection in the dermal layer

Dermatophytes

molds that causes tinea infections (ringworm)

Subcutaneous

fungal infection of some part of the dermis and underlying tissues

Madura foot:

food is covered with large, unsightly, fungus-containing lumps

Systemic

inhaled and entered into the lungs

Histoplasmosis

infection caused by breathing in spores of a fungus in bird bat droppings

rhizopus and Mucor spp (bread molds)

inhalation of these by immunocompromised patients will lead to zygomycosis/mucormycosis

Candida Albicans

Opportunistic yeast (human skin, mucous membrane of the mouth, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts)

Candida Albicans

Causes infection when there is a reduction in the number of indigenous bacteria in the mentioned sites

Dimorphic Fungi

Fungi that can exist as mold or yeast (can take two forms)

Dimorphic Fungi

At body temperature (37℃): they are yeast

Dimorphic Fungi

hen cultured outside (in vitro; 25℃; soil): they become molds or filaments

chitin

main component of cell waal of fungi is termed

Lichens

Combination of two organisms (algae + fungus) in a symbiotic relationship (mutualism)