Geo final exam (25-26)

Geographic thinking

using geographic concepts to analyze relationships between people, places, and the environment.

Ex: Explaining why refugees move to Canada and how it affects housing and jobs.

spatial significance

the importance of a particular location

Ex: When tectonic plates move, volcanoes form and impact people living nearby.

Patterns&trends

Patterns = what repeatsTrends = how things change over time

Ex: Most people in Ontario live near the Great Lakes.

Interrealtionships

How people and the environment affect each other. ( why things are connected)

Ex: Tectonic plates cause volcanoes → people live nearby due to fertile soil.

geographic perspectives

Looking at an issue from different viewpoints.

Ex: Refugee crisis affects social, economic, political, and environmental areas.

Interior Plains - Natural Resources

have important natural resources because of their flat land and sedimentary rock.

Examples / Why (interior plains)

Oil & natural gas → sedimentary rock (buried plants and animals)

Wheat & farming → flat land, fertile soil

Appalachians - Physical Features

old, heavily eroded mountains with rounded hills

Examples / Why (Appalachian)

Old mountains → worn down over time

Rounded hills → erosion

Forested land → forestry and settlements

Western Cordillera - Physical Features

has young, high, jagged mountains and varied climate.

Examples / Why (western cordillera)

Young mountains → sharp peaks

Steep slopes → limited farming

Forests & minerals → forestry and mining industry

Canadian Shield - Physical Features

made of very old, hard rock with thin soil.

Examples / Why (Canadian shield)

Igneous & metamorphic rock → mining (gold, nickel)

Thin soil → poor farming

Many lakes & forests → forestry industry, hydroelectric power

Hudson Bay Lowlands - Physical Features

flat, swampy, and poorly drained.

Examples / Why ( hudson bay lowlands)

Marshy land → wetlands

Poor drainage → limited settlement

Cold climate → little farming

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands - Physical Feature

has fertile soil, water access, and a mild climate.

Examples / Why ( great lakes)

Fertile soil → farming

Lakes & rivers → transportation and trade

Mild climate → large population

Arctic Lands - Physical Features

has a cold, dry climate with permafrost ( ground frozen)

Examples / Why ( Artic )

Permafrost → limited farming

Cold climate → sparse population

Natural resources → oil, gas, minerals

glacial erratic

rock that's been transported/deposited by the movement of a glacier

eskers

formed when sediments deposit somewhere along a river

drumlins

teardrop shaped hill, formed from movement of glaciers

pointy end= direction of movement

kettle lakes

ice melts, creates depression/hole-> fill w/ water

moraines

rocks, soils left by glacier, forms when the glacier pushes or droops material as it melts

kames

meltwater deposit sediments in a glaciers hollow, creating a mound after ice melts

Maritime climate

Mild winters, cool summers, wetter winters

Continental climate

Hot summers, cold winters, large temperature range

How does latitude affect climate?

Closer to the equator = warmer, farther = colder

How do ocean currents affect climate?

Warm currents warm the coast, cold currents cool them

How do wind and air masses affect climate?

They move warm/cold air and moisture

How does elevation affect climate?

Higher elevation = colder temperatures

How does being near water affect climate?

Water moderates temperature (milder winters, cooler summers)

How does relief affect climate?

Mountains block air, causing wet windward( wind hits first) and dry leeward (wind leaves) sides

Divergent plate boundary

two plates pull apart= valley forms, later fills with water= narrow sea= oceans

Convergent plate boundary

plates come together= impact from collision= rugged mountain range ( 2 continental) , plates come tg= one plate goes under (subduction zone)= magma rises= volcanoes

Transform plate boundary

Plates slide past each other causing earthquakes

Subduction zone

One plate sinks beneath another forming volcanoes and deep ocean trenches

Volcano formation at boundaries

Divergent = divide → magma fills the gap(long cracks)

Convergent = collide → one plate melts → magma rises (tall)

Weathering

Breaking down of rock by wind water ice or plants

Erosion

Picking up and the Movement of weathered rock particles by water wind ice or water

Deposition

sediments laying down in a new location (from wind or water)

Forces driving the rock cycle

Heat pressure weathering erosion and deposition

Rock cycle at divergent boundaries

Igneous rock forms from cooling magma, sedimentary from new ocean floors

Rock cycle at convergent boundaries

Metamorphic rock forms from heat and pressure, igneous from magma cooling

Continental glacier

A massive ice sheet covering large areas of land

Alpine glacier

Forms in mountain valleys and moves downhill

How glaciers form

Snow piles up, gets deeper, weight from top causes bottom layer to turn into ice

Last ice sheet in Canada

The Laurentide Ice Sheet

Vegetation regions

areas on earth where certain types of plants grow naturally based i climate,soil and landforms

What determines vegetation regions

Climate temperature precipitation and soil

Boreal/Taiga forest

mid/high latitude, cool climate

Tundra vegetation

high latitude, cold climate

Grassland vegetation

interior plains, dry climate

Climate graph

A graph showing average monthly temperature and precipitation

How to identify climate type using a graph

Look at temperature range and precipitation pattern

Large temperature range on a graph

Indicates a continental climate

Small temperature range on a graph

Indicates a maritime climate

High precipitation year-round

maritime climate

Formation of Canada

Created by plate tectonics volcanism erosion and glaciation

How the Canadian Shield formed

Ancient volcanic activity and erosion over billions of years

How the Interior Plains formed

Sediments deposited by ancient inland seas

How the Western Cordillera formed

Plate collisions and mountain building

Types of glaciers

Continental glaciers and alpine glaciers

igneous

intrusive igneous- magma cools slowly underground, extrusive igneous- lava cools quickly on surface (created)

Sedimentary

sediment is deposited and compacts at the bottom of oceans (recycled)

metamorphic

existing rocks are changed by heat and pressure deep underground (repurposed)

renewable resource

Resources that can regenerate within a human life time (fast growing forests, fish, wild life)

Non-renewable resource

Limited in amount, cannot be replaced once they are used up (oil gas coal gold)

Flow resource

replaced by natural action, must be used where they occur (rivers, sunlight, windy locations)

Other resource

based on human emotions and experience (northern lights, undammed water falls)

Interior Plains

oil and gas wheat potash

Canadian Shield

mining (gold) forestry

Western Cordillera

forestry hydroelectric power fishing

Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands

fertile farming soil people

Arctic

diamonds fishing northern lights

Oil and gas locations

areas once covered by oceans

Fertile soil locations

flat land with sedimentary rock

Hydroelectric power locations

mountainous wet areas with fast rivers

Fishing locations

east and west coasts of Canada

Wind energy locations

Prairies (flat grassland region)