sap exam

Australopithecus afarensis

Southern ape from afar, Ape like face, arched foot

Homo habilis

Handyman, First to develop and use stone tools and the Bronca’s area

Homo ergaster

Working man

Homo erectus

Upright man

homo erectus first to do

Complete upright walking, hunter gatherer, fire, migrate out of Africa

Homo sapien

Man who thinks/wise man, Homo sapiens sapiens and neanderthals

Neanderthals

Hunter gatherer, First to have rituals (ex. Burying dead)

Theory of natural selection

living things must adapt to their environments or they won’t survive

How darwin relates to evolution

Mutation creates descent with modification, Unfavourable mutations are selected against, Reproduction and mutation occur, Favourable mutations more likely to survive and reproduce, which results in evolution

Louis Leakey

Palaeontologist who found more fossils and stone tools at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and discovered that humans originally came from Africa, and discovered Turkana Boy (homo ergaster)

Jane Goodall

Studied chimps in Tanzania

Dian Fossey

Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda

Richard B. Lee

Studied the !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari desert

Significant similarities in chimpanzee, gorilla and human behaviour

Primates, 3D vision, highly developed brain, opposable thumbs, social creatures, capacity for aggression, bipedalism

Cultural anthropology

The study of human beings in different cultural settings around the world

Ethanology

immersing yourself and living with a culture

Cultural Relativism

What’s right in one culture may be wrong in another

Great Apes and Jane Goodall’s discoveries

The apes started off as one group but split off into two and fought each other for territory and one group attacked the other until it was exterminated

Body art

The Maori of New Zealand receive Moko to represent their nobility

Foot binding

The foot was bound by an older female of the family and women with bound feet were considered a good wife, and not complain as shown by having her feet bound and living a life with them.

Mehndi

Aka. henna is a form of temporary skin decoration used in South Asia to bring in positive energy and drive away negative energy, and is commonly used during wedding ceremonies.

Important cultural rituals and beliefs of the !Kung-San people

Celebrate Christmas by slaughtering an ox and sharing it with others, The tradition is to downplay your achievements, for example, when you slaughter a good ox, to say that it was small. This reduces arrogance.

Material culture

Aspects of culture that are real items that exist in the physical world

Non-material culture

Aspects of culture that do not exist in the physical world and instead are transferred through word and actions

Culture connections

Material culture helps to show and represent non-material culture in the real world

Love Bombing

Recruiters are very warm and loving and the recruit is made to feel special and important to the new “family”

Exploitation

Pretends to be friendly to discover hidden weaknesses and hopes and exploits them

Group Pressure

Recruit is constantly surrounded by a group that thin the same which gives them pressure to conform

Critical questions disencouraged

Not allowed to ask questions and told to wait or ignored and obeying becomes the social norm

Isolation

Recruits are constantly surrounded by the cult and kept away from other people in their life

Deprivation

Recruits are kept busy from early morning to late night with little chances to eat and sleep which results in fatigue and listlessness to make them more likely to conform

Guilt

If a recruit expresses doubt, they are made to feel selfish and group confessions destroy self esteem

Personality theory

The concept that the unconscious mind influences personality and is made up of the id, ego, and superego

Id

Natural child-like beliefs

Ego

Balances the Id and Superego

Superego

Manages morals and tries to make the morally correct decisions

Reality and pleasure principles:

Dream interpretation

Dreams are a byproduct of the dreamer's physical and mental state during sleep and by analysing dreams you can realise things such as unconscious desires of the dreamer

Psychoanalysis

The study of the unconscious mind

Free association

the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection to help his patients discover unconscious thoughts and feelings that had been repressed or ignored.

Oedipus complex

The feeling of jealousy due to competition for the attention of a primary caregiver

Oedipal

Son → Mother (attachment)

Elektra

Daughter → Father (attachment)

Oral stage

Birth - 12/18 months, interest in oral gratification

Anal stage

12/18 months - 3 yo Gratification from expelling or withholding feces, coming to understand social standards (ex. potty training)

Phallic stage

3 to 5-6 years old, Discovery of libido, interest in genitals, understanding their gender

Intro/extrovert

Maslow developed the idea that human behaviour was often motivated by opposite tendencies

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and what needs are focused on at each level)

Physiological needs (Food, water, warmth, rest), Safety needs (Security), Belongingness and Love (Intimate relationships, friends, family), Esteem needs (Prestige and feeling of accomplishment), Self-Actualization (achieving one’s full potential

Karen Horney’s reaction to Freud’s theories

If women have “penis envy” why can’t men have “uterus envy”

Sensation

A physical feeling resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body.

Conditioning

How are we conditioned affects perceptions based on our environment and background because perception is based on past knowledge and experience such as culture and people will have different perceptions of the world based on their background

Rationalisation

Justifying your actions with an excuse rather than admitting a failure or mistake ex. Getting a bad grade on a test because you didn’t study, but blaming it on the test

Denial

Believing a falsehood, rather than accepting reality. ex. An alcoholic saying they are not an alcoholic because they can function throughout the day.

Projection

Accusing others of feeling unpleasant emotions that you feel yourself

Escape

Running away from a problem

Repression

Blocking out thoughts about unpleasant things or experiences

Identification

Acting like somebody else; associating somebody’s accomplishments with your own

Displacement

Expressing feelings towards something or someone not associated with the source of the feelings

Regression

Returning to an earlier way of dealing with frustration; returning to a mindset that required less responsibility

Compensation

Making up for a lack of one thing by achieving something else

Sublimation

Transferring unacceptable behaviours into acceptable ones

Neurosis

organic, developing through stressors, and everybody has a certain degree of it

Psychosis

genetic, not based off your experiences, innate

Mental illness

a disorderly functioning of the mind causing abnormal behaviour

Anxiety disorders

When anxiety becomes severe or prolonged

Generalised anxiety disorder

Anxiety that can occur without a given reason

Phobias

Intense or irrational fear of certain things

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

A persistent, unwanted thought, followed by a tendency to perform an act repeatedly in order to relieve the anxiety

Major depressive disorder

Deeply unhappy and finds little pleasure in life

Bipolar Affective disorder

Extreme mood swings beyond the normal range, manic and depressive

Personality disorders

Affect a person;s ability to function in society, making it difficult to relate to others

Schizophrenic disorders

Distortion of reality, social withdrawal, and disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions

Substance related disorders

Harmful use of substances that lead to a significant impairment or distress

Classical Conditioning

Learning that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs when a response is paired with punishment or reward to modify the behaviour happening

Unconditioned Stimulus

causes a response without any prior learning on the part of the subject

Unconditioned Response

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

Neutral Stimulus

a stimulus that at first elicits no response

Conditioned Stimulus

what the neutral stimulus becomes once paired with the stimulus to provoke the conditioned response

Conditioned Response

an automatic response to the conditioned stimulus

Pavlov

Dogs paired the sound of the bell to the arrival of food

Skinner

Box only giving the rat food when the rat presses the button when the box is green

Watson

Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of rats through a loud noise paired with it, and eventually the fear of rats was extended to other animals and furry white animals

Structural functionalism

Each part of society serves a specific function

Symbolic interactionism

How individuals learn about their culture and how they subjectively interpret and act upon their social worlds

Conflict theory

Power is the most important factor in social organisation and society is made up of competing groups

Primary

The first agents of socialisation in your immediate circle- parents and family- that shape your behaviour throughout your whole life

Secondary

Other people around you that socialise you such as religion, media, peer groups, school

A hidden curriculum

things taught at school that model a certain set of beliefs and attitudes and endorses specific behaviour in different situations

Identical twins

Even though they have the same genes, most identical twins grow up to become very different and independent people. However when separated at birth and reunited, many of them ended up being similar (ex. Same career, behaviour, personality)

Isolated and feral children development

If they are isolated as children, they may lose the ability to speak and may never properly develop skills such as fine motor skills, formal communication, emotional responses, and more

Feral children

Abandoned children that had no development and who take on the development of the environment

Isolated children

Seperated from society but have developed certain skills

Nuclear family

1-2 parents and unmarried children living together

Extended family

Relatives in addition to parents and unmarried children living together

Blended or reconstituted family

Parents with children from one or more previous marriages or unions

Childless family

A couple

Single parent/lone parent family

A parent (either mother or father) With one or more children

Common law family

Cohabitating, unmarried couple with or without children

Same-sex family

A family that consists of two individuals of the same gender with children