Networking and the Internet - Chapter 4

Switch

A device that connects multiple "buses" (and/or computers) to a network.

Router

A device that connects multiple different networks to an internet

Client/server model

A model for inter-process communication where clients request services from servers.

Peer-to-peer model

A model for inter-process communication where each participant can act as both a client and a server.

IP address

A unique numerical address for a computer connected to the Internet.

DNS

Domain Name System that translates domain names to IP addresses.

Bus topology

A network topology where all devices are connected to a common communication line.

Star topology

A network topology where all devices are connected to a central device, called an access point.

Cloud computing

Large pools of shared computers allocated for use based on demand.

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the protocol used by the World Wide Web application.

UDP

User Datagram Protocol, which belongs to the transport layer of Internet software.

IPv4

Internet Protocol Version 4, which uses 32-bit addresses.

IPv6

Internet Protocol Version 6, which uses 128-bit addresses.

FTP

File Transfer Protocol, which belongs to the application layer of Internet software.

Certificate

A package consisting of name/identity and public key, certifying identity in public key encryption.

Malware

Malicious software, such as viruses, worms, or Trojan horses.

LAN

Local Area Network, a network that connects computers in a limited area.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol, which belongs to the transport layer of Internet software.

Distributed system

A system consisting of software units executing on several different computers.

ICANN

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, responsible for assigning IP numbers.

DNS lookup

The process of translating a domain name to an IP address using DNS.

Hub

A device that connects computers to a network and sends all traffic to all connected devices.

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, which belongs to the application layer of Internet software.

Web server

A server that provides access to various web resources, such as web pages.

URL/URI

A unique identifier for a web resource, such as a web page.

TCP and UDP

The two common Internet protocols for the transport layer.

IPv6 protocol

Belongs to the network layer of Internet software.

Public key encryption

An encryption technique that allows parties to communicate without needing a common key in advance.

Internet domains

Mnemonic names for numerical IP addresses, making them easier to remember.

Open protocols

Examples include HTTP and FTP, which are publicly available.

HTTP vs

HTTP traffic is not encrypted, while HTTPS traffic is encrypted.

Hub vs

A hub connects all devices, a switch connects devices intelligently, and a router connects multiple networks.

FTP

Transfers files; HTTP:Transfers web resources; SMTP:Transfers electronic mail.

Certificate trust

Depends on the trust in the issuer; not all certificates are equally trustworthy.

DNS query

When a web client queries a server to translate a domain name to an IP number.

Most reliable transport layer protocol

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

Digital signature

Guarantees the sender's identity by encrypting the file with the sender's private key.

Distributed system characteristics

Software units executing on several different computers.

IPv6 vs

2^128 / 2^32 = 2^96.

Internet software layers

Application, transport, network, link.

HTML

A language used to create and describe web pages.

Certificate authority

An organization that issues certificates to verify identities.

TCP advantage

More reliable; disadvantage:Slower.

UDP advantage

Faster; disadvantage:Less reliable.

Client-server concept

Clients request services from servers that provide those services.

SMTP purpose

A protocol for handling electronic mail.

Public key encryption message encryption

Needs to be encrypted with person B's public key.

Public key encryption sender verification

Needs to be encrypted with person A's private key.

Firewall

A system used to inspect, block, and filter network traffic for protection.

Proxy server

An intermediary computer used to protect a network by mediating communication.