Lecture 2 - Ruminant Nutrition

Concentrate

What type of feed is when nutrient dense particles comprise one or more feed ingredients?

Feed quality

What is the term, along with feed safety, which refer to aspects of feed that are likely to cause ill health?

Ad libitum

What type of feeding, also called free-choice, is when feed material is available 24 hours a day?

Guaranteed analysis

What is the term for the nutrient profile, as provided by the manufacturer?

Physiological state

What is the term for the distinct phase of an animal’s life cycle, referred to on a food label?

Feed conversion

What is the term for the ability to convert feed into growth or products?

Crude protein

Which nutrient refers to true protein (amino acids) or non-protein nitrogen sources?

Lipids

Which nutrients, which include fats and oils, are the most efficient source of energy?

Vitamins

Which nutrients include water soluble and fat soluble ones, and support digestion and many auxiliary functions?

Minerals

Which nutrients are essential for metabolic and other physiological processes? They include Ca, P, Mg, K, Cl, Na, and S.

Water

Which nutrient is needed for rumen function, VFA production and absorption, respiration, and several other functions?

Additives

What part of feed support feed consumption, conversion, and prevent metabolic disorders and enhance nutrition status?

Water

What-soluble vitamins include B and C vitamins?

Fat

What-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K vitamins?

Yes

Can adequate quantities of green forage supply most if not all the basic energy and protein needs of ruminants?

Roughage

Which type of feed, also called forage or fodder, include plant materials in a fresh or preserved state and include hay, straw, silage, pasture, and green chops?

Concentrates

Which type of feed is commonly called grains, and refers to nutrient dense feeds formulated from a combination of ingredients, usually corn and soybean? Starters, boosters, developers, and rations are types of these.

By-products

Which type of feed refers to waste from industrial processes from animal and plant sources used as feed ingredients, such as rendered animal offal, rice hulls, palm oil seed cake, blood meal, and dried distiller grains?

Buffers

Which additives serve to regulate rumen pH when feeding large amounts of grain?

Ionophores

Which additives serve as catalysts that promote cellular function and improve feed use efficiency?

Probiotics

What additives, along with prebiotics, support GI functioning using microbes and complexed polysaccharides?

Essential oils

Which additives support metabolic functions and aid in binding feed pellets?

Mould inhibitors

Which additives prevent mould developing in feeds and causing aflatoxin poisoning?

Larvicides

Which additives are placed in feeds to help control fly populations in feces?

Rumen

Which part of the foregut acts as a fermentation vat, has a complex microbial community, and absorbs volatile fatty acids? It is the major site for bacterial fermentation and release of VFAs, gases, and proteins.

Reticulum

Which part of the foregut is where cuds are formed and rumination starts, acts as a sieve, and retains large items?

Omasum

Which part of the foregut is a layered muscle organ, removes excess water, and reduces particle size?

Abomasum

Which part of the foregut is the true stomach, has a glandular lining, and does acid and enzyme digestion?

No

Are the rumen, reticulum, or omasum functional at birth in ruminants?

Third

Dairy cows only reach the full percentage of mature body size after which calving?