Description and Risk factors (overview)

What behaviours establish an addiction?

• dependence

• tolerance

• withdrawal

What are the two types of dependence?

• Physical - characterised by withdrawal symptoms

• Psychological - seeking the effects/rewards of a behaviour (lessen discomfort or get pleasure)

What is a consequence of psychological dependence?

The person will keep taking the substance and form a habit despite harmful consequences.

What is tolerance?

A reduction in response to a substance/behaviour. A higher dose is needed to get the same effect. Caused by repeated exposure/engagement.

What are types of tolerance?

Behavioural and cross-tolerance

What is withdrawal?

Symptoms that develop from abstaining from/reducing use of a substance/behaviour. Almost always the opposite of symptoms experienced when using the substance.

What does withdrawal indicate?

A physical dependence

How does withdrawal syndrome maintain an addiction?

An addict will experience these symptoms whenever they cannot get a substance, and these cause discomfort and so the addict is motivated to continue use to avoid discomfort.

What are the types of withdrawal?

• Acute withdrawal phase

• Prolonged withdrawal phase

What is acute withdrawal phase?

Within hours of abstaining featuring strong cravings reflecting dependence. Usually diminish within days.

What is prolonged withdrawal phase?

Symptoms that occur for days to months. Sensitive to cues associated with substance and why relapse is common.

What are the risk factors of addiction?

• genetic vulnerability

• stress

• personality

• family influences

• peers