2101 practice quiz questions

The imbalance known as ____ can can be caused by certain diuretic medications

Hyponatremia

What trigger signals the brain to increase the output of ADH for water conservatio?

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluid and signal posterior pituitary to release ADH

The hormone aldosterone Regulates the concentrations of ____ and ____ in the body

Potassium ions; sodium ions

Cerebrospinal fluid within the eyes, joints and body cavities, and fluid secretions of exocrine glands are all classified specially as ____ fluid.

Transcellular

____ ions account for nearly 90% of positively charged ions found in extracellular fluid.

Sodium

A so-called “salt craving” is primarily the result of

A severe electrolyte deficiency

The major reason older adults should monitor their intake of fluids is that:

Total body water decreases with age and restoration of homeostasis is slower

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid.

Approximately two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment

___ is the most common extracellular cation, while ___ is the most abundant intracellular cation.

sodium; potassium

Atrial natriuretic peptides is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is:

To reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention

Choose the statements that correctly characterize the kidney:

• The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally

• The kidney is padded by a layer of fat

• Inside the kidney there’s a hollow chamber called the renal sinus

Functions of the kidneys:

• Kidneys help control the rate of red blood cells production

• Kidneys help regulate blood pressure

• Kidneys regulate the composition, volume, and pH of body fluids

The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the ___ that carry blood to the nephrons

Afferent arterioles

The concentration of substances in plasma, in the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?

Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionally more waste

Which force favors filtration?

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete ___ when ____

renin; blood pressure drops

Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires, Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ___ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption

Proximal convoluted tubule

Within the renal tubule , two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone ___ regulates sodium reabsorption, while ___ Regulates water reabsorption.

Aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone ADH

Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?

Urethra

The outermost structure of the kidney is the ___

Capsule

What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?

Length of the urethra

Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes?

Urinary

The ureter directly receives urine from the ___ of the kidney

Pelvis

The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the

Bowman’s capsule

Which vessel directs blood into the glomerulus?

Efferent arterioles

Functions of the urinary system:

• Removal of waste products from the bloodstream

• storage and secretion of urine

• Regulation of blood volume and, indirectly blood pressure

Path of urine after it leaves the kidneys:

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

In the typical adult kidney, the renal ___ is subdivided into 8 to 15 distinct conical or triangular structures known as renal:

medulla; pyramids

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect to the kidney at a prominent medial indentation known as the

Hillium

What is the functional filtration unit of the kidney?

Renal corpuscle

Filtration of blood occurs at the ___ an is collected mainly by the ___.

Glomerulus; proximal convoluted tubule

Normally filtered from blood:

Glucose, amino acids, and water

Glomerular capillaries are characterized by

• Blood under relatively high pressure, from afferent arterioles

• A fenestrated endothelium that allows materials to be filtrated

• An epithelial covering of podocytes with pedicels and filtration slits

From which part of the renal tubule are 60- 65% of the water and virtually all nutrients, electrolytes, and plasma proteins reabsorbed into the blood?

Proximal convoluted tubule

Components of the nephron include:

• a renal corpuscle

• a proximal and distal convoluted tubules

• A nephron loop

Which one of the following does not characterize the micturition reflex

Internal urethral sphincter relaxes under conscious, voluntary control

Urine passes through the

pelvis of the kidney to ureter, to bladder, to urethra

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to

An increase in the production of ADH

When does tubular reabsorption begin?

When filtrated enters proximal convoluted tubule

Nephrons have 2 main parts

Renal corpuscle, and collecting ducts

Water is transported actively [T/F]

False

The renal system plays a direct role in regulating

• blood solute concentrations

• blood pressure

• blood pH

Which of the following anatomical portion of the nephron connects the bowman’s capsule to the loop of Henle?

Proximal convoluted tubule

Urine is formed in a three step process

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption , tubular secretion

Soil pH level that indicates alkaline soil

soil pH: 7.5

What is the normal range of carbon dioxide in arterial blood?

35-45

If HCO3- caused the acidosis or the alkalosis, it is what?

Metabolic

If the CO2 caused the acidosis or alkalosis it is what?

Respiratory

H 7.31, CO2 50mmHg, HCO3 2amEq/L

Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated

Ben has an anxiety attack. His ABGs results show he is in respiratory alkalosis. He has just had a car accident. What is your next nursing intervention?

Have him breathe into a paper bag

PH 7.30, CO2 46mmHg, HCO3 16 mEq/L

Metabolic acidosis, uncompensated

Which of the pH below listed has the strongest base

13

Which value represents the greatest concentration of H+ ions

2

Which statement about human blood is correct?

Blood has a pH of approximately 7.4

All living cells produce carbon dioxide during respiration. This carbon dioxide must be removed otherwise

• It could change the ph of the cytoplasm

• Could affect enzyme activity

• Could interfere with chemical reactions

A person admitted in a coma. Analysis of the arterial blood gave the following values: PCO2 16 mmHg, HCO3 5 mol/l and pH 7.1. What is the underlying acid-base disorder?

Metabolic acidosis

In a man undergoing surgery, it was necessary to aspirate the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tract. After surgery, the following values were obtained from an arterial blood sample: pH 7.55, PCO2 52 mmHg and HCO3 40 mol/l. What is the underlying disorder?

Metabolic alkalosis

The main function of the digestive system are?

• ingestion and digestion

• Propulsion and secretion

• Absorption and elimination

Digestive system organs

• liver

• Tongue

• Esophagus

From deep to superficial, what are the tunics of the intraperitoneal portions of the GI tract

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

The liver receives materials absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract through a subdivision of the circulatory system called the:

Hepatic portal vein

The prominent folds of the mucosa that nearly disappear when the stomach expands are the

Rugae

What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?

To increase the surface area for reabsorption

Which hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate?

Cholecystokinin and secretin

Bile

Is required for maximal fat digestion and reabsorption

The products of fat digestion are absorbed into vessels of the

Lymphatic system

The precursor substance pepsinogen is converted into pepsin

In the presence of hydrochloric acid

What is the principal bile pigment?

Bilirubin

Accessory organs that produce a fluid used to emulsify fats

Liver and gallbladder

The small intestine has 3 parts, the first is called?

Duodenum

The characteristic feature of epithelial cells of the intestine

Microvilli

An infant feeding entirely on the mother’s milk passes stools that are colored yellow. What is the reason for this?

Bile pigments

A dental condition that is characterized by hyper mineralization of teeth enamel due to excessive intake of …. The teeth often appear mottled

Sodium

Spicy food coupled with anxiety may lead to

Indigestion