BIOL Ch 36-39 (Exam 2)

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132 Terms

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Excretory System
The system that restores and maintains the proper internal regulation of materials in the body despite differences in diet.
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Flame Cells

Produce a current that draws interstitial fluid into the tubules through slit-like openings

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Nephridia
The excretory organ of a segmented worm that filters fluid in the coelom. There is a pair in nearly every segment.
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Nephrostomes
Cilia-lined openings in the nephridia.
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Kidney
A pair of complex organs that filter waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.
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Urea
A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins. It's a waste that is composed of ammonia, which is toxic to the body.
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Liver
The organ that converts ammonia to urea.
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Nephrons
The filtering units in the outer layer of the kidney that remove wastes from the blood and produce urine.
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Renal Artery
Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney.
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Renal Vein
Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
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Ureter
A duct leading from the kidney to the bladder. It moves urine by peristalsis.
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Bladder
Muscular organ that provides temporary storage for urine.
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Cortex
The outermost layer of the kidney.
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Medulla
Part of the outer layer of the kidney, located just below the cortex.
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Renal Pelvis
The hollow inner chamber that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter.
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Glomerulus
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration of blood inside the kidney. Its capillary walls are permeable to water and dissolved substances.
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Bowman's Capsule
This collects filtrate, which is fluid filtered from the blood. The arterioles in this structure subdivide into a capillary network called the glomerulus.
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Renal (Nephron) Tubule
Long, twisted tube of the nephron that functions in tubular reabsorption and secretion.
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Proximal Tubule
The part of the renal tubule closest to the glomerulus. Substances are secreted or absorbed in this part of the renal tubule.
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Loop of Henle
The part of the renal tubule that conserves water and minimizes the volume of urine.
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Distal Tubule
The part of the renal tubule that refines filtrate and empties it into the collecting duct.
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
This hormone regulates the amount of water reabsorbed into the body and how concentrated the urine becomes. Also called vasopressin.
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Tubular Reabsorption
The movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood.
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Tubular Secretion
The movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid.
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350
The approximate number of times that human kidneys filter the blood daily.
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Hypothalamus
Releases antidiuretic hormones (ADH/vasopressin).
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Innate Immune Response
A quick, nonspecific immune response that all living things are born with.
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Adaptive Immune Response
A relatively slow but very effective immune response that targets specific pathogens.
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External Barriers
Skin and mucous membranes.
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Lysozyme
An enzyme found in saliva, sweat, and tears that destroys the cell walls of bacteria.
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Phagocytic Cells
White blood cells that engulf and ingest foreign bodies or toxins. The "eaters."
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Macrophages
Phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
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Natural Killer Cells
White blood cells that attack and kill infected or compromised body cells, especially cancer cells and those harboring viruses. They do this by forming holes in the surface of the targeted cells. The "killers."
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Phagocytosis
The process in which amoeboid cells destroy invading microbes by engulfing them.
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Inflammatory Response
An innate immune response to tissue damage caused by wounds.
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Histamine
The chemical that is released by cells in response to injury or allergic reactions, causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries.
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Leukocytes
White blood cells.
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Fever
This slows down microbial reproduction and enhances the body's own fighting abilities by increasing the set-point in the hypothalamus of the brain. Low-grade can be beneficial.
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Endogenous Pyrogens
Hormones that increase the set-point in the hypothalamus of the brain during a fever. Released by white blood cells.
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Interferon
A protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus; helps other cells resist the virus.
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T-Cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
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B-Cells
Cells created in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.
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Recognition, Attack, Memory
The three steps of a specific immune response.
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Antibodies and Receptors
The two types of proteins that accomplish the function of recognition.
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Antibodies
Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens. They are made of 4 peptide chains consisting of a large (heavy) chain and a small (light) chain on each half of the Y.
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Antigens
Foreign material that invades the body.
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Constant Region
The stem of the "Y" in antibodies that is similar in all antibodies.
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Variable Region
The two tips of the "Y" in antibodies that differs widely from one antibody to another.
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Binding
This action between antigens and antibodies will trigger an immune response.
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Humoral Immunity
Specific immunity produced by B-cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids.
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
Specific immunity produced by T-cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells.
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Clonal Selection
The rapid production of specific B-cell clones that occurs during an immune response.
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Plasma Cells
Cells that develop from B-cells and produce large amounts of antibodies into the bloodstream, but usually only live a short period.
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Memory Cells
Cells that develop from B-cells or T-cells. They remain dormant until reactivated by a familiar antigen, and may respond so rapidly that the body experiences no symptoms of reinfection. These cells are the basis for immunizations and can survive for many years.
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Neutralization, Promotion of Phagocytosis, Agglutination, Complement Reactions
Antibodies circulating in the bloodstream can cause these four effects.
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Agglutination
Clumping of microorganisms.
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Effector Cells
Short-lived cells produced by T-cells that take effect immediately against an antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen.
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Helper, Killer (Cytotoxic), Suppressor
The three types of effector cells produced by T-cells.
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Helper T-Cells
T-cells that produce interferon and increase the activity of killer (cytotoxic) and suppressor T-cells.
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Killer (Cytotoxic) T-Cells
T-cells that bind to antigens on the surface of enemy cells and release proteins that disrupt their plasma membranes. These cells usually only live a few days.
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Suppressor T-Cells
T-cells that appear after a pathogen has been conquered to shut off the immune response in B- and killer (cytotoxic) T-cells.
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Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment. These are located on the cell membrane (water-soluble) or inside the cell, usually in the cytoplasm.
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Target Cells
Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone.
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Endocrine System
This system uses hormones to communicate either locally (cell-to-cell) or over a greater distance inside the body.
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Hormone

secreted by cells in one part of the body to be transported, usually in the bloodstream, for exerting action on target cells.

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Endocrine Glands
Ductless structures that release hormones into the bloodstream.
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Peptide, Modified Amino Acids, Steroids, and Prostaglandins
The four classes of hormones in animals.
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Prostaglandins
Local hormones that are modified fatty acids. They have a number of diverse roles in humans and are sometimes linked to chronic pain.
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Second Messenger
This transfers the information from the first hormone to target molecules in the cell.
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Cyclic AMP (c-AMP)
A second messenger that activates cellular enzymes.
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c-AMP Cascade
The process in which a hormone binds to the receptor on a cell surface, stimulating the synthesis of c-AMP, which then activates cellular enzymes.
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Hypothalamus/Pituitary Complex
Much of the action of the mammalian endocrine system is coordinated and control by this complex.
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Hypothalamus
The portion of the brainstem that houses neurosecretory cells.
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Pituitary Gland
A major gland of the hypothalamus. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.
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Anterior Pituitary
Part of the pituitary gland. A "true" endocrine gland.
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Tropic Hormones
Hormones that stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete other hormones.
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Thyroxine
This is produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland. It is an iodine-containing modified amino acid that controls overall body metabolism.
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Medulla
In the adrenal gland, this part releases adrenaline.
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Anterior and Posterior
The two lobes that make up the pituitary gland.
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Posterior Pituitary
This part of the pituitary gland is neurally connected to the brain, containing nerve endings of neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus. They create, store, and release peptide hormones into the bloodstream.
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that regulates water retention.
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Oxytocin
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. It's also responsible for muscle contractions of the penis during ejaculation.
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Calcitonin
Hormone created by the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels.
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Parathyroid Glands
Glands that increase the blood calcium levels in your body and regulates bone growth.
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Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland caused by a lack of iodine in the diet.
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Pancreas
A double gland. Its exocrine part makes digestive enzymes that flow to the small intestine, and its endocrine part contains clusters of cells called islets.
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Islets
Pancreatic endocrine cells.
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Insulin and Glucagon
The two types of pancreatic islet cells.
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Insulin
Pancreatic islet cells that reduce blood sugar.
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Glucagon
Pancreatic islet cells that increase blood sugar.
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Diabetes Mellitus
Defects in insulin production, release, or reception results in this.
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Testis
This sex organ secretes androgen hormones, mainly testosterone.
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Ovary
This sex organ secretes estrogen and progesterone.
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Adrenal Glands
A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress.
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Local Hormones
Hormones that act on their surroundings without first entering the blood stream.
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Glucocorticoids
Hormone that raises blood sugar levels, secreted by the adrenal cortex.
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Nervous Cell Communication
This type of communication within the body has a much shorter distance than hormonal communication and a fewer number of affected cells. The speed of the communication is extremely fast.
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Neuron
A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
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Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon, Synaptic Terminal
The four parts of a neuron.
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Dendrites
A tangle of fibers that branch from the cell body. They receive information and convert it into electrical signals.