Clin Tech 3

Canine TPR

100-102.2, 60-160, 16-32

Feline TPR

100-102.2. 140-220, 20-42

Equine TPR

99-101.5, 28-44, 6-16

Bovine TPR

100.4-103.1, 40-80, 10-30

Ovine/Caprine TPR

102-104, 70-90, 12-30

Porcine TPR

101.5-103.5, 70-120, 10-40

True or False: All drugs are potential poisons

True

What is the therapeutic Range

The safe zone, the amount of drug to achieve desired effect

True or False: The therapeutic Range is the amount that will cause toxicity

False

True or False: More is better in terms of drugs

False

What are the six R's

Right Patient

Right Drug

Right Dose

Right Route

Right Time

Right Documentation

What is the goal of drug therapy

to deliver the desired concentration of drug to achieve desired effect with little to no signs of toxicity

What are three factors to consider when using drug therapy

drug dose, dose interval, route

Routes

Parenteral and Non-Parenteral

Parenteral

other than GI

Non-Parenteral

GI

What are some drug factors

diff effects when given through diff routes, some drugs are insoluble in water, some are destroyed by stomach acids

What does it mean when a drug is insoluble in water

it can be given IM but not IV

What are local routes of drug admin

inhalation, topical, rectal, vaginal, transdermal

What are some non-parenteral routes of drug admin

oral - most convenient, less adverse reactions, does not have to be sterile

What kind of vials are there for injectable drugs

Multi-Dose Vials, Single Dose Vials, and Ampules

Bolus

Injecting a concentrated amount of drug in minimal amount of fluid

Intermittent

diluting drug in small volumes of fluid; give over 30-60 mins, through IV catheter

Infusion

Give large volumes of fluids continuously over long period of time

Solution

a clear liquid, typically a solute mixed with a solvent

Suspenstion

contains drug particles that can be seen (cloudy appearance)

Emulsion

mix of 2 liquids that don't mix

Repository Form

slow-release meds given over a certain amount of time

Volatilized Form

liquid that is vaporized for inhalation (for anesthetic)

Nebulized Form

liquid that is turned into a fine mist to be inhaled

Dose

amount administered at one time to reach the desired effect

Loading Dose

initial does will be higher than normal dose for maintenance (to reach therapeutic dose)

Maintenance Dose

amount of drug given to maintain blood levels

Total Daily Dose

amount of drug given w/in 24 hrs

Dosage

amount of drug given per unit of body weight

Dosage Interval

frequency of administration

What is the difference between state and federal laws

state laws are more restrictive and the veterinarian must follow it

FDA regulations

dispensing meds, set standards for what is on the drug label, set species, route, dosage, length of time, med can be used, controls prescription drugs

USDA

vaccines and biologics

Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951

Restricts availability of certain drugs due to (potential) toxicity. (Rx drugs)

Legend Drugs

prescription drugs

Warning label

federal law restricts this drug to be used by or upon the order of a licensed veterinarian

AVMA Rx drugs

rx drug must be dispensed by the written order of our vets w/in their course of practice and w/ a valid VCPR

OTC

over the counter Drugs

extra label or off label

used meds on species it's not approved for or a condition it's not meant for

Found in USP (drug standards and package inserts)

ensures pills meet quality, also supplies info about the meds on the box and on the USP web

USP

US Pharmacopeia

What is the potential for controlled drugs?

Potential for human abuse/misuse

Which agency regulates controlled drugs?

DEA

What are the schedules for controlled drugs?

Schedule I-V (1-5), higher the number, the less controlled it is

Where are controlled drugs kept?

In a locked room

Who must have a current DEA license to handle controlled drugs?

Veterinarian (Vet)

How are controlled drugs stored?

In a locked drug cabinet

For how long must records of controlled drugs be kept?

2 years

What must be kept accurately for controlled drugs?

Drug logbooks

what are benefits of dispensing

stock is in house, more convenient

What is included on the written Rx

Vets name, address, phone number

Clients name and address

Pents name and species

Name of drug, strength, qty disp.

Instructions for use

Date of Rx number of refills, exp. Date

Vet's signature

Auxiliary labels

Who regulates disposal of controlled drugs

DEA

Dose

total amount given at one time

Dosage

amount of drug given per unit of body weight

Mites

live on host continuously and can infect other animals through contact, life cycles: burrow or superficial mites

Sarcoptes scabiei

scabies

Demodex spp.

red mange mite

Notoedres cati

Feline scabies

Otodectes cynotis

ear mite

Supplies for a skin scrape

scalpel blade, mineral oil, microscope slide

what should be done to the scalpel blade before the skin scrape

dull the scalpel with a tongue depressor

After dulling the blade, what is next

place a dot of mineral oil on the slide and dip the blade in the mineral oil

After dipping the blade, what next

scrape the skin until you see blood

After scraping the skin, what next

dip the blade back onto the slide with mineral oil and get all of the debris on the blade onto the slide

What should the skin scrape be viewed under

4x and 10x

What is the first step for an ear mite smear

prepare slide w/ mineral oil

How should an ear swab sample be obtained

with a restrainer, pull up the pinna of the ear and swab part of the outer ear containing debris

What is the second step for an ear mite smear

roll the swab onto the slide in the oil

What is the third step for an ear mite smear

break applicator stick and scrape off any debris

What view should an ear mite smear be viewed under

4x and 10x

What does yeast look like

bowling pin/boot print

What is the species of yeast

Malassezia

What is the first step for a cytology

swab affected area (ear/skin)

What is the second step for a cytology

roll the swab onto the slide

What is the third step for a cytology

heat fix

What is the fourth step for a cytology

Stain (light blue, red, then methylene blue)

What is few yeast considered

0-2 per every other field

What is moderate yeast considered

2-3 per field

What is many yeast considered

5+

what is /hpf

per high powerfield

What should a cytology be viewed under

40x and 100x

How should a touch prep be prepared for oozy skin

touch slide directly to it, stain, heat fix, and examine

How should a nail bed swab be prepared

run a Q-tip around the nail bed, stain, heat fix, examine

How should a tape prep be prepared

clear scotch tape applied directly to the affected area several times, skip fixative but still stain

Rods

pinkish-purple, note rod chains

Cocci

blue, note clusters

What is the purpose of bathing an animal

to help them recover from illness, less likely to develop dermatitis, prevention/tx of skin probs, good client relations

What kind of grooming supplies are needed

ear flushes, brushes, gloves, eye lube, etc

What should you give a cat when bathing them

something to hold onto

What are tar-sulfur shampoos used for?

oily, flaky, seborrheic conditions

What are Benzoyl peroxides used for

bacterial skin infections

What are sulfur-salicylics used for

dry, flaky, seborrheic conditions

Colloidal

for pruritis

When and what are insecticidals used for

under veterinary guide and for fleas, ticks, and mites