chapter 16-innate immunity

Which of the following is mismatched?

abscess – a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus

diapedesis – movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue

pus – tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid

scab – dried blood clot over injured tissue

chemotaxis – chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome

chemotaxis – chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid?

very acidic pH – stomach

lysozyme – tears and saliva

mucociliary escalator – intestines

cerumen and sebum – ear

keratin and tightly packed cells – skin

mucociliary escalator – intestines

The activation of the complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway after the activation of ________.

C6

C5

C3

C2

C1

C3

Unbroken skin poses a substantial barrier to microbes. All of the following contribute to this barrier except _____________.

dryness of the skin

fatty acids within sebum

complement proteins found in perspiration

the tightly packed layer of dead, keratinized cells

complement proteins found in perspiration

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true?

Innate immunity involves specific recognition of microorganisms via a memory response.

Innate immunity is present at birth.

The innate immune response does not have a mechanism for detecting invading microorganisms. It is activated only in response to tissue damage or a signal from an infected cell.

It involves the activity of B and T cells.

Innate immunity is present at birth.

In the Case of Classical Activation, Which Outcome Is Likely to Occur?

Membrane attack complex will form.

Inflammation will be stimulated.

Pathogens will become opsonized.

All of the listed outcomes will occur.

All of the listed outcomes will occur.

You now know that once complement is activated, all outcomes occur. With respect to the membrane attack complex (MAC), which is most likely to occur once all of the C9 proteins insert into the bacterial plasma membrane?

A hole will form in the bacterium, allowing water to rush into the cell and causing lysis.

A neutrophil will engulf the bacterium because C9 acts as an opsonin.

More C1 will become activated because C9 is an activator of C1 proteins.

The bacterium will repair the membrane and eventually recover.

A hole will form in the bacterium, allowing water to rush into the cell and causing lysis.

One of the outcomes of complement activation is the stimulation of inflammation. Inflammation may result in redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Of the following, which is NOT a way that inflammation helps the body clear infection?

Inflammation allows for more macrophages to come to the area of infection.

The swelling of the infected area destroys pathogens by squishing them.

The redness is caused by more blood flowing to the infected area.

Inflammation causes diapedesis, which allows more neutrophils to the area of infection

The swelling of the infected area destroys pathogens by squishing them.

All of the following pertain to fever except that it:

Is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha

Can be initiated by specific types of pathogens

Intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons

Accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract

Stimulates T lymphocyte activity

Accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract

Which of the following are best described as short chains of amino acids that are very stable and can have a variety of different antimicrobial activities, such as forming pores in bacterial plasma membranes and inhibiting cell wall synthesis?

Mannose-binding lectin

Antimicrobial peptides

Antiviral proteins

Siderophores

Antimicrobial peptides

Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true?

Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.

The thymus serves as the site for maturation of B cells.

The pancreas contains lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes.

Lymph nodes are sites of activation of neutrophils, which destroy microbes.

Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?

increased margination of phagocytes

increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

inflammation

increased diapedesis of phagocytes

Cytolysis

increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

Which of the following statements concerning phagocytosis is true?

Phagocytes ingest microorganisms by using protein transporters that are specific to the bacteria.

Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome.

Phagocytes cannot ingest microorganisms unless they are coated with antibodies.

Adherence always requires opsonization.

Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome.

Which of the following statements is correct?

Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis.

All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum.

There are at least 30 complement proteins.

Complement increases after immunization.

Complement activity is antigenic specificity

There are at least 30 complement proteins.

Normal microbiota provide resistance to disease in all of the following ways except __________________.

promoting the development and maturation of the immune system

microbial antagonism

competitive exclusion

serving as prebiotics

serving as prebiotics

The lectin pathway of the complement system is initiated by:

Gram-negative cell walls

Mannose on host membranes

Gram-positive cell walls

Mannose on the surface of pathogens

Lectins of the microbe

Mannose on the surface of pathogens

You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________.

constriction of blood vessels

dilation of blood vessels

increased metabolic rate

Shivering

dilation of blood vessels

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?

neutrophils

eosinophils

macrophages

basophils

erythrocytes

macrophages

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT

flagellin.

PAMPs.

LPS.

AMPs.

peptidoglycan

AMPs

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT

saliva.

tears.

multiple layers of cells.

the "ciliary escalator."

HCl.

HCl.

What is innate immunity?

It provides increased susceptibility to disease.

It involves a memory component.

It involves T cells and B cells.

It is nonspecific and present at birth.

It is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens

It is nonspecific and present at birth.

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT

capsules.

biofilms.

leukocidins.

M protein.

formation of phagolysosomes.

formation of phagolysosomes.

Lysozyme and penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial ________.

cell wall

ribosomes

DNA

capsule

cell membrane

cell wall

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses.

Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells.

Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies

Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells.

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell?

An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign.

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies.

An activated B cell will kill infected host cells

An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again?

Dendritic cells

Memory B cells

Plasma cells

Antibodies that are “left over” from the last infection

Memory B cells

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity:

The Tc recognizes the infected host cell

The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell

The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis

The helper T cell activates the Tc cell

1,2,4,3

4,2,1,3

2,4,1,3

2,1,3,4

2,4,1,3

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells?

Secretion of perforin

Secretion of granzyme

Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:

1. Endosome fuses with lysozome

2. Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus

3. Epitopes are attached to MHC-II

4. Digestion of the Rhinovirus

5. MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell

2,1,4,3,5

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another?

CD8 and MHC-I

BCR and TCR

BCR and epitope

CD4 and MHC-II

BCR and TCR

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production?

Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells

Differentiation of plasma cells

Immature B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count?

Activation of cytotoxic T cells

Apoptosis of infected host cells

Clonal selection of B cells

Clonal expansion and antibody production

Clonal selection of B cells

Which of the following statements is true?

Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen.

Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthy.

Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only.

Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT

histamine.

kinins.

prostaglandins.

leukotrienes.

lysozymes.

lysozymes.

If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers?

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Eosinophils

Which of the following can defend the body by either opsonizing bacteria, lysing bacteria, and/or promoting inflammation?

Activation of the complement system

Macrophages

Alpha and beta interferons

Neutrophils

Activation of the complement system

Which of the following statements about beta interferons is true?

It is produced only in response to infection with the hepatitis B virus.

It is a protein that specifically degrades viral RNA.

It encourages neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria.

It acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins.

It acts as a signal that induces uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins.