1004 midterm guide

Registered Nurse

A healthcare professional who has completed the necessary education and training to provide medical care to patients.

Metaparadigm

A set of theories or ideas that provide structure for how a discipline should function, including concepts of person, environment, health care, and nursing care.

Holism

The belief that physical health is affected by beliefs, expectations, and thoughts, and that the body, mind, and spirit are interconnected.

Spirituality

The meaning, purpose, connectedness, relationship, transcendence, healing, and intuitive sense in a person's life.

Religion

An organized system of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, including belief in or the worship of a god or gods.

Faith

Takes a holistic approach to promoting health and preventing disease, emphasizing the importance of addressing a person's physical, emotional, spiritual, and social needs.

Atheist

Individuals who do not believe in the existence of god.

Agnostic

Individuals who believe that any ultimate reality is unknown.

Transcendence

An awareness of something that a person cannot see or know in ordinary physical ways, or an experience of fullness that goes beyond daily life.

Professional Identity

A sense of oneself that is influenced by the characteristics, norms, and values of the nursing discipline, resulting in an individual thinking, acting, and feeling like a nurse.

Profession

An occupation that requires extensive education, special knowledge, skill, and preparation.

Professionalism

Adherence to the standards of practice in the nursing profession, including behaviors, qualities, values, and attitudes that demonstrate accountability, knowledge, visibility, and ethics.

Nursing roles

Direct caregiver, advocate, leader, communicator, educator, counselor, coordinator of care, researcher, manager, case manager, change agent.

Climate change

Significant, long-term changes in the global climate, including indicators such as increased polar ice melts, extreme weather events, and impacts on health.

Greenhouse effect

The process in which gases in Earth's atmosphere trap the Sun's heat, making Earth warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.

Anthropogenic climate change

Human-caused changes to the climate, primarily driven by the burning of fossil fuels and resulting in global warming.

Eco-literacy

The ability to identify, classify, and name different aspects of the environment, and to take action and participate in decision-making processes related to environmental problems and issues.

Upstream approach

Addressing the root causes of health consequences related to climate change, challenging behaviors that drive climate change, and taking a sustainable approach to mitigate its impacts.

Downstream approach

Supporting clients' ability to adapt to changing conditions caused by climate change, while also preparing for the impact and ensuring emergency preparedness.

Mitigation

Taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the impacts of climate change, aligning with the upstream approach.

Advocates for

Green energy policy

Advocates for

Accessible and effective public transportation

Advocates for

Mandatory eco-literacy

Adaptation

Process of adjustments to actual or expected climate change and its effects

Resilience

Ability to anticipate, adapt to and absorb climate change

Sustainable development

Developed nations need to take leadership under the principle code of international equity

Vector-borne diseases

Organisms that can spread infectious agents from animal to human or between humans

Zoonotic diseases

Diseases caused by germs that spread bacteria between animals and people

Leadership

Interactive process that provides guidance and direction

Standards

Minimal level of performance expected against which actual performance can be measured

Scope

Range of roles, functions, responsibilities, and activities which RNs are educated and authorized to perform

Competencies

Observable ability of RN at entry level that integrates the knowledge, skills, abilities, and judgments required to practice safely and ethically

Self-regulation

Responsible for acting professionally and being accountable for own practice

4 Pillars of Indigenous Holistic Framework

Respect, Relevance, Reciprocity, Responsibility

Indigenous views on health

Broad, holistic, a journey, communal, long-term/cyclical, inclusive

First Nations

Aboriginal peoples of Canada neither metis nor Inuit

Beothuk

Algonkian-speaking hunter-gathers, extinct indigenous group in Newfoundland and Labrador

Innu Nation of Labrador

Indigenous group residing on reserves and traditionally revolving around caribou

Miawpukek First Nation

Only reservation in Newfoundland and Labrador

Nunatsiavut Inuit

Inuit group in Labrador with a unique culture compared to others in Canada

NunatuKavut Inuit

Inuit group in Labrador with significant European commercial activity and limited access to southern cats

Qalipu First Nation

Indigenous group in Newfoundland and Labrador with a cultural identity demonstrated through visual and musical arts

Royal Proclamation (Magna Carta)

Established a system of governance for former French colonies and created a process of negotiation with indigenous peoples for land procurement

Doctrine of discovery

Signed in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI, stating that any land not owned by Christians was "terra nullins" (empty land)

Residential Schools

Federal government initiative that removed indigenous children from their communities to assimilate them into "Canadian" culture

The 60's Scoop

Government initiative that removed indigenous children from their families and placed them in foster homes or adopted them to white families

The Millennial Scoop

Indigenous children brought into the child welfare system and placed into families of other ethnicities throughout Canada

Indian Act

Initially intended to protect indigenous rights but resulted in forced assimilation and negative impacts such as residential schools and the sixties scoop

Medicine Chest Clause

In Treaty 6, meaning that all medicines, drugs, or medical supplies were to be supplied free of charge to "treaty Indians"

Two-eyed seeing

Seeing from both indigenous knowledge and Western knowledge perspectives and using both together

Walking in Two Worlds

Concept of a holistic lifelong learning model that recognizes indigenous teachings and concepts as well as Western sciences

Weir Report

A survey of nursing education in Canada in 1932 that confirmed insufficient classroom instruction and a lack of variety in clinical experience.

Victorian Order of Nurses

Signified professional standard of education, emphasized the need for selflessness and compassion from nurses.

Florence Nightingale Model

Established the Nightingale Training School of Nurses, considered a pioneer of nursing.

Application of spiritual care in nursing

Establishing a caring relationship, establishing presence, supporting religious practices, supporting what is important to the patient, use of support systems.

Medical approach to health

Focuses on the treatment of disease, emphasizes that medical intervention restores health, health problems are defined as physiological risk factors for disease.

Behavioural approach to health

Shift from medical approach, health influenced by lifestyle, environment, human biology, and organization of health care.

Socio-environmental approach to health

Health closely tied to social structure, emphasis on relationship between personal health behaviors and social and physical environments.

Internal environment

Mental state, addictions, physical pain.

External environment

Surroundings or conditions in which a person lives.

Cultural environment

Socially transmitted knowledge of values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group.

Political environment

Municipal, provincial, national, and global factors that influence health.

Social environment

Income, employment, social status, education, social support networks.

Role of the nurse in relation to the environment

Supporting environmental preservation and restoration, advocating for initiatives that reduce environmentally harmful practices, maintaining awareness of global health concerns.

Drivers of anthropogenic climate change

Economic development, resource depletion, environmental degradation, demographic transition.

Indicators of global climate change

Increased polar ice melts, tropical storms and hurricanes, heavy precipitation and floods, droughts, heat waves, forest fires.

Climate change indicators for our province

Extreme heat and cold, freezing rain, winter storms, hurricanes, storm surges, rising sea levels.

Mudrock

Landslides, debris flow, avalanche.

Water/Food contamination

Impacts of climate change on health.

Eastern equine encephalitis

Impacts of climate change on health.

Example of action to decrease carbon emissions and build sustainable action

BC climate tool kit, Paris climate agreement, Pan-Canadian framework, Canada's implementation of 2030 agenda, Hands around the earth (indigenous), CANE-ALLE (between nurses and green healthcare).

Traditional knowledge

Great wisdom and care for the environment, informs preservation of health, sustainable actions, and environmental stewardship.

Traditional Indigenous knowledge

Insight developed over centuries of practice and experience, aware of relationship between people and the environment.

The Land in Indigenous cultures

Foundational to protocols, ceremonies, tradition, and practices, living entity with a symbolic relationship.

Elders in Indigenous cultures

Holders of wisdom, knowledge, tradition, culture, values, and lessons, do not need to be old, disciplined lifelong learners.

Health in Indigenous cultures

Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, broad definition encompassing interpersonal and environmental relationships, spiritual considerations.

Oral Transmission

Cultural transmission through repetition of words and wisdom, sharing stories reinforces interpersonal relationships.

4 Pillars of the Indigenous Holistic Framework

Respect, Relevance, Reciprocity, Responsibility.

Calls to action pertaining to Indigenous health in the Truth and Reconciliation Agreement

Recognition of Aboriginal healing practices, cultural competency training for healthcare professionals.

Impacts of climate change on health

Increased diseases, injuries, and premature deaths related to extreme weather events, vector-borne diseases, disruption of food and water.

Example of a vector-borne or zoonotic disease

West Nile virus, Lyme disease, Malaria.

Canadians at risk for vector-borne diseases

Change in environmental factors, location of transmission cycle, number of pathogens and vectors, alteration to human activity, temperature and rainfall.

Nurses' role in climate change and health

Care for clients affected by climate change, engage in prevention and health promotion.

Relationship between sustainability and equity

Developed nations need to take leadership under the principle of international equity.

Relationship between sustainability, social justice, and the CNA Code of Ethics

Code of ethics centered on societal issues affecting health and well-being, nurses advocate for improvements.

Nurses' engagement in climate change at different levels

Individual, colleagues, patients, health systems and governments.

Characteristics of a profession

Extensive education or special knowledge, specific service, professional organization, autonomy, research, code of ethics.

Characteristics of a professional

Trustworthy, high standards, calm in stress, knowledgeable, ethical, confident, polite, well-spoken, rational.

Attributes of effective leadership

Follower, vision, communication, decision-making, change.

How students can be leaders

Develop followership, define a long-term plan, communicate, make decisions, guide change.

Social power

The potential to influence others, leadership styles influence how a leader uses power.

Expanded roles of RNs

Nurse practitioner, Clinical nurse specialist, Nurse researcher, Nurse midwife, Nurse educator.

Registered Nursing Union of Newfoundland and Labrador

Negotiates, advocates, champions, and protects.

RN Act (2008)

Gave nurses the right to self-regulation and provided CRNNL with the authority to set the standard and scope of practice for RNs and NPs of NL.

Standards

Minimal level of performance expected against which actual performance can be measured.

Four categories of Standards

Responsibility and accountability, Knowledge-based practice, Client-centered practice, Professional relationships and leadership.

When it is appropriate to do a skill (educated, authorized, competent)

Educated - Do I know how? Authorized - Am I allowed? Competent - Am I able to do this correctly?

Indigenous Peoples as a Special Population

Identified by the United Nations due to health and well-being disparities and high population growth.

Difference between Indigenous and Western/European views of health

Indigenous view is broad, holistic, a journey, communal, and inclusive. Western/European view is narrower, discrete, a destination, individualized, and exclusive.

Important points to consider when caring for Indigenous people

Avoid assumptions, be aware of generational trauma, and respect cultural diversity.