CH17,38

Mikhail Gorbachev

Last leader of USSR, who pushed for major reforms, involving the economic and political system. Introduced 2 major reforms and policies, called Perestroika and Glasnost. Criticized the USSR’s economy, military spending, and declining QOL.

Perestroika

A major reform implemented by Gorbachev, to restructure the economy by decentralization and introduction of a market economy.

Glasnot

Policy created by Gorbachev to allow public criticism and admission of past mistakes of the Communist Party and the Government.
As a result, allowed many ethnic minorities, declaring independence from the USSR, including the Russian Republic.

Collapse of USSR

The USSR collapsing and releasing many independent ethnic groups and states. Communists attempted to coup the government, but failed. Destroyed the Communist party and created market-oriented economic reforms.

Global Economy after fall of USSR

Expansion of free trade, foreign investments, privatization of industry.

GATT

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Formed in 1947 to promote free trade. Caused a massive increase in world trade. Members would eventually create the WTO, or World Trade Organization.

Global Corporations

Companies that operated in several states. Were apart from one’s nations laws and restrictions. Seek cheap labor and resources, prefer less environmental restrictions.

Japan’s Economic Miracle

Poor economy and resources, no empire. US aid and protection helped build Japan up, with export-oriented growth supported by low wages.
Started with labor intensive exports like metals and textiles, and would invest those profits into capital and tech-intensive production.
Had major growth, but would suffer a recession.

The Little Tigers

Made up of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Followed Japanese model of export-oriented economy which led to rapid growth.

Would become highly competitive in the economic stage, joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia.

Rise of China after Mao Zedong Death

Would open doors to foreign investment and tech. Shifted from communist to market economy, like Russia. Offered large amounts of cheap labor, along with a major national market. Would also join WTO.

Decrease in Asian Economic Activity

Caused by investment support being pulled from Thailand, causing a ripple effect to other Asian countries.

Trading Blocs

Group of countries which eliminate or reduce trade barriers, like tariffs and restrictions, which increases flow of goods, services, and capital.

2 main trade blocs, the European Union (EU) and Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), in Europe and the Middle East, respectively.

Boris Yeltsin

First president of Russia, who was key in the dissolution of the USSR, and the transition of the market, along with more democratic reforms.

European Union

Known as the EU, a trading bloc in the European region, involving 15 western nations.

Involves a common market, and free trade and travel. Most countries have adopted a common currency, the Euro.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

Known as OPEC. Cartel and trading bloc in the Middle East established to raise global oil prices. Was a major factor in global recession, due to the embargoment of the US post Arab-Israeli war.

Disagreements and overproduction of oil however, have diminished the influence of the trading bloc.

Global Culture of Consumption

Targets peoples’ desires and wants, rather then needs. Results in a homogenization of global rather then local culture (ex. major food chains like McDonalds and Burger King replacing smaller, local restaurants).

Additionally, it results in brand names identifying local products (Swiss Rolex identifying that their watches are made from Switzerland).

The age of Access

Globalization has allowed people and goods to be more internationally connected, resulting in a minimization of political, social, and economic isolation.

Globalization

Interaction and integration worldwide, involving mainly people and goods

English Language Superiority Response

People criticized mass media of being a major spread of English in the world, along with the Internet being dominated by the English language.
As a result, China creates a firewall to control information.

Major Global Problems

Population pressure, climate change, economic inequality, modern-day slavery, global disease, global terrorism

Global problem: Population Pressure

Dramatic increase in global population, with Asia and Africa experiencing another extremely high population increase after WW2. Projected to be over 10 billion by 2100.

Global Problem: Carrying Capacity

Many scientists and citizens are worried about the physical capacity the Earth can hold in terms of its population. Formed club called “Club of Rome” that issued “The Limits to Growth.”

In reality however, these predictions were not true, with prices falling and food increasing.

Club of Rome

Think tank in Rome which is focused on climate change and humanitarian efforts. Published “The Limits to Growth.”

The Limits to Growth

Report published by the Club of Rome. Discussed that we were near the limits of growth using computer simulations, if we continued at this current rate, resulting in a sudden and uncontrollable decline in population and industrial capacity.

Major criticism, about how the data and projections were faulty and pessimistic, and felt that lack of data was used.

Global Problem: Climate Change

Climate change caused by urbanization and agricultural expansion, along with gas emissions, and coal burning. Causes global warming and reduces biodiversity.

In Kyoto, many states met to cut CO2 emissions

Population Control

Highly political issue. Many countries involved are developing countries that have extremely high CBRs, and use some sort of racism to control the population. China is an exception however, using a 1-child policy to reduce growth.

UN has provided aid to countries with family-planning programs however, and some countries still prefer large families like India.

Causes and Results of Poverty

Inequality in resources and income cause separate rich and poor societies. Additionally, many nations with a history of colonialism may still be economically dependent on their previous owners.

As a result, many individuals suffer malnutrition and environmental degradation due to a lack of food and mining for raw material.

Modern Day Slavery

Although slavery was abolished globally by the 1960s, millions still suffered slavery due to existing debts. Additionally, child slavery is still common in S. and S.E. Asia. (China, Laos, India)

Multi-State Human Trafficking

Many victims, mainly female, lured with work. Forced into sex industry, criminally highly profitable

Global Disease

Epidemics are mostly under control, with last ones being Flu and Covid-19 killing millions.

One major epidemic still exists, being HIV/AIDS. Discovered in SF, CA, with millions still living with a variant worldwide.
Many of these individuals like in Sub-Saharan Africa, killing adults and orphaning children due to not being able to afford treatment. Disrupts social and economic basis of these societies.

Global Terrorism

Weapons given to those out of power, with a certain cause like ideological or religious movements. Difficult to define however, as many hurt civilians to pursue their cause, and is rarely a success, discrediting some worthy causes.

Famous Terrorist Organizations include ISIS, Al-Qaeda, and the Taliban.

9.11.2001

Major international terrorist attack on the WTC, Pentagon, and (failed) White House. Sourced by Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, who were angered about US presence in Saudai Arabia. Proclaimed Jihad.

Jihad

holy war, usually proclaimed by Muslim terrorist organizations against western countries (ex. Al-Qaeda against the US)

Islamic State of Afghanistan

Afghan religious state claimed by the Taliban, with strict Islamic law regulating all parts of life including media, info, and entertainment. Banned women from education, work, and health.

Were driven out by US forces, but after US forces withdrew, took back Afghanistan.

Dealing with Global problems

Global problems can not be solved alone by nations, but the use of international organizations can. 2 major NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) are the UN and Red Cross.

Red Cross

humanitarian agency based in Geneva

UN

Organization based on maintaining intl. peace and security. However, they have limits, as they can not legislate, but they do have influence on the intl. stage. Additionally, they can not prevent wars.

They are mainly successful in health and education, helping with the eradication of smallpox, and increase in literacy globally.

Human Rights

Although ancient, they have gain much more acceptance in the world today.
Nuremberg Trials of Nazis created crimes against humanity, with the UN Universal Declaration of Human rights against slavery, torture, and discrimination.

Organizations have been created around human rights, most notably Amnesty Intl. and Human Rights Watch.

Feminism and Equality

Status of women changed after WW2 in industrialized states, with women demanding full equality with men on education and employment.
Additionally, the use of birth control allows women to control their bodies.
Furthermore, the US Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination notably on race and sex.

Gender Equality in China

China is a Communist state, which its' political ideology of Communism has been known to improve women’s legal status. However, equality has not been achieved even after legal reforms.

Additionally, the one-child policy encourages abandonment and murder of infant girls.

Domestic Abuse & Restriction of Women’s Rights in Developing World

Women in Arab and Muslim Societies are 2x as likely as men to be illiterate. Additionally, most Indian women are illiterate and confined at home.

Dowry deaths, where a women (bride) is killed due to a dispute over a payment or gift. Additionally, wives in Pakistan are burnt to death with some sort of a gas.

Women leaders in S. Asia

Several effective women leaders in South Asia, in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Additionally, UN launched a program for Women leaders.

Indira Gandhi

First and only women to serve as India’s PM.

Benazir Bhutto

First PM of Pakistan, serving twice, who promoted democracy and women’s rights in Pakistan.

Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga

Sri Lankan President, first women to hold office. Ended Sri Lankan Civil War and implemented major economic reforms.

Aung Sang Suu Kyi

Democratic Burmese (Mynammar) Advocate, awarded Nobel Peace Prize.

Internal Migration

Major flow in a state, from rural parts to urban parts of the country. Was major in the industrialization era, where western societies had 75% of their population in urban settings.

Unfortunately, it is a hard transition for rural individuals, along with many being crowded in slums (barrios) at the edge of cities, putting major strain on services and resources.

External Migration

Mainly caused due to fleeing war, persecution, or opportunities. Millions of guest workers have migrated to Europe, and millions of migrants (mostly Mexican) have migrated to the US.

In oil producing countries, mainly Arab states, foreigners make up ~50% of total population.
~130M live outside from countries of citizenship

Migrant Communities in Host Societies

Although migrants can bring value to other societies, there are many fears. One major fear involves sparking conflict and anger.

Additionally, there are fears that they will compete for jobs and hinder the vision of a national identity.

As a result, many anti-immigrant movements (xenophobia) lead to violence and racism.

Transient Migrants

Individuals migrating for tourism and leisure purposes. Mass tourism and a increase in transient migrants was possible due to faster travel times (planes). Adopted by rich, then middle class.

By the 1900s, tourism was another form of consumption, taking millions around the world.

Effects of Mass Tourism

Modern day travel and tourism the largest industry in the world. Many working in the industry are paid poorly, with profits going mostly to the developed world.
Furthermore, it exposes people to other cultures and traditions, which can lead to the revival and transformation of those culture and traditions.

Nomadic Economy and Society

Turkish population nomadic herders with few settlements, organized into clans with a common language. Drove herds in migratory cycles. Lived mostly on animal products, while producing a limited amount of non-animal products like leather goods and pottery.

Nomads and settlers sought trade, important on routes. 2 social classes, nobles and commoners. Autonomous clans and tribes also played in classes.

Main Religions in Turkish Nomadic Population

Main religions involved Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity and eventually Islam.

Military in Turkish Nomadic World

Khan (ruler) organized confederation for individual tribes to expand, with powerful cavalry and military power

Salijuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire

Lived on borders of Abbasid realm for around 200 years, but moved further in to serve Abbasid armies. Overshadowed Abbasid Caliphs by 1050s, and extended Turkish rule to Syria, Palestine, and etc.

Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine empire

Major migration to Anatolia in early 11th century, defeated Byzantine army at Manzikert in 1071. Transformed Anatolia into an Islamic society

Ghaznavid Turks

Turkish population who dominated N. India through sultanate of Delhi empire

Chinggis Khan

Known as a universal ruler, who unified Mongol tribes through alliance and conquest

Mongol Political Organization

New military units, broke up tribal relations. Chose high ranking officials based on talent and loyalty. Capital established in Karakorum.

Mongol Strategy

Horsemanship, archers, mobility, psychological warfare

Mongol Conquest of Persia

Chinggis Khan attempted to open trade and diplomatic relations with Saljuq leader Khwarazm Shah, ruler of Persia. Was rejected however, and Khan was forced to pursue the leader, destroying Persian cities and qanat (water tunnels)

Mongol empire after Chinggis Khan

Was divided by heirs into 4 regional empires

Khubilai Khan

Chinggis Khan’s grandson, who controlled Mongol rule in China. Promoted Buddhism, supported Daoists, Muslisms, and Christians

Conquest of S. China

Khubilai extended Mongol rule to all of China, with Song Dyansty capital of Hangzhou falling, and the Mongol-controlled Yuan Dyansty. Unfortunately, conquests of Vietnam, Burma, Java, and Japan failed.

The Golden Horde

Mongols over-ran Russia successfully, and then moved on to over-run Poland, Hungary, and Eastern Germany. Maintained dominance in Russia until 1450s.

Mongol Rule in Persia

Ilkhanate of Persia, Khubilai’s brother, Hulegu, captured Badhdad in 1258.

Persians served as ministers, governors, and local officals. Mongols only cared about taxes and governance. Eventually, a leader down the line, Ilkhan Ghazan, converted to Islam and massacred Christians and Jews.

Hulegu Khan

Mongol Ilkhanate ruler conquering much of Asia, Genghis Khan grandson, Khubilai Khan brother. Most notably captured Persia.

Ilkhan Ghazan

Ilkhanate Mongol ruler who controlled modern day Iran and Persia, descendents of Genghis Khan and great-grandson of Hulegu Khan. Was a main part in the massacre of Christians and Jews.

Mongol Rule in China

Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese, and banned Chinese from learning the Mongol language. Additionally brought foreign administrators into China, and put them into power.

Dismissed Confucian scholar, destroyed civil service examination. Tolerated all cultural and religious traditions in China.

Lamaist Buddhism of Tibet

Known as Tibetan Buddhism, was enchanted over Mongol ruling elite

Mongol Trrade

Worked to secure trade routes and safety of merchants. Created a delivery network with relay stations (like a more ancient UPS or USPS).
As a result, maintained good relations for merchants, ambassadors, and missionaries

Mongol Diplomatic Missions

4 Mongol Empires maintained diplomatic communications together, along with Korea, Vietnam, India, Europe

Mongol Resettlement

Required skilled and educated individuals from other places, resulting in the resettlement of those individuals to provide services.
Major groups include:
Ulghur Turks serving as clerks, secretaries, and admins, and Arabs and Persian Muslims
Skilled artisans sent to Karakorum, eventually becoming permanment residents

Collapse of Ilkhanate

Over-spending and exploitation in Persia resulted in reduced profit, along with a failure of the paper money. Furthermore, factional struggle existed in Mongol leadership, and the last leader died without a heir, resulting in the collapse.

Decline of Yuan Dynasty

Paper money issued lost value, and power struggles, assassinations, and civil wars caused the decline

Bubonic Plague in China

Spread through Europe and Asia, resulting in depopulation and labor shortage intensified further by Mongols. Eventually, the Chinese pushed back the Mongols to their original lands.

Mongol Khanate Survival Results

Khanate of Chaghatai continued in Central Asia, with the Golden Horde surviving until the 1550s

Khanate of Chaghatai

Turkish group that continued in Central Asia ruled by Chagatai Khan after the pushbacks

Golden Horde

Known as the Great State, was originally Mongol but became a Turk group in Central Asia

Tamerlane the Whirlwind

Mongol conqueror who created a central Asian Empire after the Mongol collapse.
Was self-made, and rose to power, establishing the capital in Samarkand.
Ruled using tribal leaders, relying on bureaucrats to collect taxes

Tamerlane Conquests

Persia and Afghanistan were the first conquered, but he then attacked the Golden Horde, and then Northern India.

Osman

Charismatic leader who created a state in NW Anatolia, and eventually claimed independence from the Salijuq sultan, making way for the formation of the Ottoman Empire

Formation of Ottoman Empire

Large amount of nomadic Turks migrating to Persia and Anatolia. Osman created a state in NW Anatolia, away from Salijuq sultan.

Ottoman Conquest in the Balkans

Sultan Mehmed the 2nd changed Constantinoples name to Istanbul, and took the rest of the Byzantine empire. Extended land to SW Asia, SE Europe, and N Africa.