Exam 3: Bandura, Rotter and Mischel, Kelly

Observational learning

by observing people, humans are spared countless responses that might be followed by punishment of no reinforcement

• people learn new behaviors by watching and imitating others 

Enactive

the process of learning through doing and experiencing the consequences of one’s own actions

Human agency and its components

Intentionality

Forethought

Self-reactiveness

Self-reflectiveness

Human action is the result of interaction among 3 variables:

Environment

Behavior

Person

Chance encounter

unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar with each other

fortuitous event

environmental experiences that is unexpected or unintended

Self-efficacy

Beliefs that one can or cannot execute the behavior necessary to produce desired outcomes in a particular situation

People’s beliefs in their capability to exercise some measure of control over their own functioning and over environmental events

§  Mastery experiences: past performances.

§  Social modeling; learning by observing the consequences of others’ behavior

§  Social persuasion

§  Physical and emotional states

Outcome Expectations

Refers to one’s prediction of the likely consequences of that behavior

Proxy agency

indirect control over the social conditions that affect everyday living

Collective agency

people’s shared belief in their collective power to produce desired results

EX: politics 

what are the self-regulation factors?

external and internal

External factors:

provide us with a standard for evaluating our behavior; influence self-regulation by providing the means for reinforcement

Internal factors

§  Self-observation:  Monitor out own performance

§  Judgemental process: standards, value, performance, attribution

§  Self-reaction: self-reinforcement/punishment

Predicition of specific behavior formula

BP = f(GE, E, internal/external, R, R-S)

Behavior potential

the possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place

expectancy

refers to a person’s expectation that some specific reinforcement will occur in a given situation 

Reinforcement value 

o   the preference a person attaches to any reinforcement when the probabilities for the occurrence of a cumber of different reinforcements are all equal

§  Internal: individual’s perception contributes to positive or negative value of an event

§  External: events or conditions on which one’s society or culture places a value

Prediction of general behavior formula

o   NP= f(FM + NV)

Need potential

the possible occurrence of a set of functionally related behavior directed toward satisfying the same or similar goals

§  “Will I act to get it?”

Freedom of movement

Overall expectation of being reinforced for preforming those behaviors that are directed toward satisfying some general need

“Can I get it if I try?”

Need Value

Degree to which she or he prefers one set of reinforcement to another

§  “How much do I want this type of reward?”

Needs are?

Recognition-status

Dominance

Independence

Protection Dependency 

Love and Affection 

Physical comfort 

Recognition-status 

The need to excel in those things that a person regards as important

Dominance

The need to control the behaviors of others

Independence

the need to be free of the domination of others

Protection dependency

the need to be cared for by others

Love and affection

The need for acceptance by others that go beyond recognition and status to include some indications that other people have warm. positive feelings for them

Physical comfort

the need includes those behaviors aimed at securing food, good health, and physical security

Maladaptive behavior

any persistent behavior that fails to move a person closer to a desired goal

the characteristics of Maladaptive behavior

o   Combination of high need value and low freedom of movement

o   Unrealistically high goals in combination with low ability to achieve them

o   Characterized by unrealistic goals, inappropriate behavior, inadequate skills, or unreasonably low expectations of being able to execute the behavior necessary for positive reinforcement

Consistency paradox

Although both laypersons and professionals believe that behavior is quite consistent, research suggest that it is not

Constructive alternativism

The events can be looked at (construed) from a different perspective

Construction corollary

a person anticipates events by constructing their replications; forward looking

Individuality corollary

Persons differ from each other in their construction of events; no two people put an experience together in exactly the same way

Organization corollary

Characteristically evolve, for convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs; Different people organize similar events in a manner that minimizes incompatibilities and inconsistencies

Dichotomy corollary

A person construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs

a.      Black or white

Choice corollary

People choose for themselves that alternative in dichotomized construct through which they anticipate the greater possibility for extension and definition of future constructs

a.      People choose those actions that are most likely to extend their future range of choices

Range corollary

A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events on;;  A construct is limited to a particular range of convenience

Experience corollary

A persons construction system varies as he or she successively construes the replications of events

Modulation corollary

The variation in a person’s construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lie; Assumes that the extent to which people revise their constructs ir related to the degree of permeability of their existing constructs

Fragmentation corollary

 A person may successively employ a variety of constructive subsystems which inferentially incompatible with each other; Allows for incompatibility of specific elements

Commonality corollary

To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, processes are psychologically similar to those of the other person; Assumes similarities among people

Sociality corollary

To the extent that people accurately construe the belief system of others, they may play a role in a social process involving those other people

Psychological unhealth

unhealthy people cling to outdated personal constructs

Anxiety

the recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of convenience of one’s construct system

A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by the physical sensation of uneasiness

Fear

a specific threat to one’s personal constructs

Specific and incidental

Guilt

the sense of having lost one’s core role structure

People feel guilty when they behave in ways that are inconsistent with their sense of who they are