UNIT 3: Consciousness (Continued)

Circadian Rhythm

Biological clock that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

NREM Stage 1

Light sleep characterized by hypnic jerks.

NREM Stage 2

Stage of deeper relaxation featuring sleep spindles.

NREM Stage 3

Deep sleep identified by delta waves.

REM Sleep

Sleep stage where rapid eye movement occurs, associated with vivid dreams.

Insomnia

Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

Narcolepsy

Condition characterized by sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks.

Sleep Apnea

Disorder where breathing stops during sleep.

Somnambulism

Also known as sleepwalking.

Freud's Wish Fulfillment Theory

Suggests dreams are expressions of repressed desires.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Proposes dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural activity.

Information Processing Theory

Poses that dreams aid in processing and sorting memories.

Cognitive Development Theory

States that dreams reflect an individual's cognitive development.

State Theory of Hypnosis

Suggests hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.

Non-State Theory of Hypnosis

Claims hypnosis is a social role where a person is highly suggestible.

Depressants

Drugs that slow down the nervous system, e.g., alcohol, barbiturates.

Stimulants

Substances that increase alertness and energy, e.g., caffeine, cocaine, nicotine.

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter perceptions and can cause hallucinations, e.g., LSD, marijuana.

Opioids

Substances providing pain relief and euphoria, e.g., heroin, morphine.

Tolerance

The need for increased amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect.

Dependence

Psychological and/or physical need for a drug.