UNIT 3: Consciousness (Continued)

Sleep & Dreams:

• Circadian Rhythm: Biological clock, regulates sleep-wake cycles.

• Sleep Stages:

  • NREM Stage 1: Light sleep, hypnic jerks.

  • NREM Stage 2: Sleep spindles, deeper relaxation.

  • NREM Stage 3: Deep sleep, delta waves.

  • REM Sleep: Rapid eye movement, vivid dreams.

• Sleep Disorders:

  • Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep.

  • Narcolepsy: Sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks.

  • Sleep Apnea: Breathing stops during sleep.

  • Somnambulism: Sleepwalking.

Dream Theories:

• Freud's Wish Fulfillment: Dreams are expressions of repressed desires.

• Activation-Synthesis Theory: Dreams are random neural activity that our brains try to make sense of.

• Information Processing Theory: Dreams help us process and sort memories.

• Cognitive Development Theory: Dreams reflect cognitive development.

Hypnosis:

• State Theory: Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.

• Non-State Theory: Hypnosis is a social role (person is just highly suggestible).

• Uses: Pain relief, breaking bad habits.

Psychoactive Drugs:

• Depressants: Slow down nervous system (e.g., alcohol, barbiturates).

• Stimulants: Increase alertness and energy (e.g., caffeine, cocaine, nicotine).

• Hallucinogens: Alter perceptions and cause hallucinations (e.g., LSD, marijuana).

• Opioids: Pain relief and euphoria (e.g., heroin, morphine).

• Tolerance: The need for more of a substance to achieve the same effect.

• Dependence: Psychological and/or physical need for the drug.