anatomy/physiology chapters 1/3

What are the 11 organ systems?

Respiratory, Urinary, Digestive, Reproductive, Lymphatic, Cardiovascular, Muscular, Endocrine, Skeletal, Nervous and Integumentary

Superior/Cephalic

more toward the head, or above another structure

Inferior/Caudal

more toward the feet or tail, or below another structure

Anterior (ventral)

more toward the front or belly-side of the body

Posterior (dorsal)

more toward the back or spinal cord side of the body

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

to the side, away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

located farther away from the point of attachment to the body

frontal

forehead

cervical

neck

sternal

breastbone

mental

chin

orbital

eye

axillary

armpit

mammary

breast

umbilical

navel

inguinal

groin

acromial

point of shoulder

brachial

arm

what are the levels of biological organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism

what are the four types of tissue

connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

abdominopelvic quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

abdominopelvic regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal

saggital plane

vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left side

frontal/coronal plane

vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions

transverse/cross sections

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections

ventral cavity

located at the front of the body; consists of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

what is in the ventral cavity

lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, and reproductive organs

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and most of the small and large intestines. It also contains urinary bladder and internal reproductive organs such as a vagina, uterus and ovaries

characteristics of life

growth and development, reproduction, metabolism, inheritance, and homeostasis

necessary life functions

maintaining boundaries (cell membranes), movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

main controlling systems of homeostasis

nervous system and endocrine system

nervous system's role in homeostasis

Control system that receives info about internal and external environment, integrates it, and directs activities of cells throughout the body to maintain homeostasis

endocrine system's role in homeostasis

releases hormones into the blood stream

similarities between the endocrine and nervous system

both perform regulation

differences between the endocrine and nervous system

nervous system uses nerves and neurotransmitters, endocrine system uses glands and hormones

3 components of homeostatic control mechanisms

receptor, control center, effector

Receptor role in homeostasis

sends signals to your brain, has antennas to receive information

Control center role in homeostasis

determines set point, analyzes the information and determines response, brain

Effector (homeostasis)

carries out instructions sent from control center

pathway for homeostasis

information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway

afferent pathway

brings information towards control center

efferent pathway

information flows from control center to effector

efferent

set of nerves that carry information away from brain

negative feedback

type of feedback that negates original stimulus (or reduces its intensity) and is how homeostasis is controlled

positive feedback mechanisms

intensify the initial stimulus, leading to an enhancement of the response, does not serve to maintain homeostasis

inorganic compounds

compounds without carbon, like water

organic compounds

contain carbon; examples include lipids, proteins, and carbs

principle of complementarity of structure and function

activities of cells are dictated by their structure, which determine their function

cell's main three regions

plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm

3 major components of cytoplasm

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Where are epithelial tissues found?

body coverings, body linings, glandular tissue

role of connective tissues

support and protect the body and its organs

role of muscles tissues

specialized for movement

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

functions of epithelial tissue

to protect, absorb, filter and secrete

How is epithelial tissue classified?

1) By number of layers
2) Cell shape

Shapes of epithelial cells

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Avascular

without blood vessels

simple squamous epithelium

forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion. simple squamous is ideal because it's a single layer of flattened cells

simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: secretion and absorption

Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface.

simple columnar epithelium

Lines most digestive organs; absorbs nutrients, produces mucus

stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

Location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized type forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

role of nervous tissues

detect changes in the environment and control the activity of various body parts

correct sequence of protein synthesis

replication, transcription, translation

Tonicity of a solution

refers to the ability of a solution to change the volume of a cell by altering its water content by osmosis

3 concentrations of solutions

hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

hypertonic

higher concentration of solute and a lower concentration of water

isotonic

have the same solute to solvent ration as cells

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

mitochondria

double membraned and function to supply most of the ATP

well vascularized meaning

rich blood supply

tissues that are well vascularized

bone tissue, adipose tissue, areolar connective tissue

umbilical

navel

thoracic

chest

tarsal

ankle region

Sternal

breastbone

patellar

anterior knee

inguinal

area where thigh meets body trunk; groin

metabolism

broadly refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

which regions does the stomach belong to

left hypochondriac and epigastric

What is the mediastinum?

space within the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus and major blood vessels

which cavity contains the mediastinum?

thoracic cavity

what type of tissue is areolar tissue?

loose connective tissue

visible characteristics of areolar tissue?

multiple cell types are present, fibers create an observable woven or web type pattern, multiple types of fibers running in different directions

primary functions of areolar connective tissue

supports epithelium, connects different tissue types

Where is areolar tissue found?

underlying epithelium of the trachea, esophagus, and epidermis

what fiber gives areolar tissue its flexibility?

elastic

what does regular mean when referring to "dense regular connective tissue"

fibers run parallel

three main groups of connective tissue

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, specialized connective tissue

visible characteristics of dense regular tissue

fibroblast nuclei are visible sporadically between fibers, very little ground substance and few cells observable on slide, collage or elastic fibers running in same direction

primary functions of dense, regular connective tissue

resists bidirectional tensions applied along one spatial plane, provides strength and durability

where is dense regular tissue found in the body

forms part of the wall of large arteries, forms tendons

what are the fiber types found in two forms of dense regular tissue?

collagen and elastic

primary functions of simple columnar epithelium

absorption and secretion

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

lining the stomach, lining the uterine (fallopian) tubes, lining the small and large intestine