AP HUG Unit 3

AP Hug

Culture

all of a group’s learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects.

Cultural traits

elements, visible and invisible

Cultural complex

a series of interrelated traits

Culture hearth

the area in which a unique culture or a specific trait develops.

Diffuse

spreading to other places

Taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.

Traditional Culture

encompasses all three cultural designations

Folk Culture

the beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change

Indigenous Culture

when members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own language

Globalization

refers to the increased integration of the world economy since the 1970s

Popular culture

when cultural traits–such as clothing, music, movies, and types of businesses–spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups

Global culture

when these traits are adopted worldwide

Cultural landscape

“built environment”, the modification of the environment by a group of people, and is a visible reflection of that group’s cultural beliefs and values

Material culture

consists of tangible things, or those that can be experienced by the senses.

Mentifacts

comprise a group’s nonmaterial culture and consist of intangible concepts, or those not having a physical presence

Sociofacts

the ways people organize their society and relate to one another.

Cultural landscape

the boundaries of a region that reflect the human imprint on the environment

Built environment

the physical artifacts that humans have created and that form part of the landscape.

Traditional architecture

reflects a local culture’s history, belifs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilizes locally available materials

Postmodern architecture

a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures towards high-rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding

Contemporary architecture

uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height

Postmodern architecture

a movement away from boxy, mostly concrete or brick structures towards high-rise structures made from large amounts of steel and glass siding

Contemporary architecture

uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height

Ethnicity

refers to membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history.

Ethic enclaves

clusters of people of the same culture

Cultural regions

usually determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity

Cultural realms

larger areas that include several regions

Sacred place

specific places and natural features that have religious significance

Christianity

Churches with tall steeples topped with a cross, Resemble original architecture, Dome-shaped roofs that reflect the traditional style of architecture, popular with the Romans

Hinduism

Temples with elaborate carved exteriors

Buddhism

tall square onnings on roofs

Judaism

dome roofs,

Islam

giving aladin

Sequent occupancy

ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

Charter group

the first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space

Neolocalism

the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

Centripetal forces

unify a group of people or a region

Centrifugal forces

divide a group of people or a region

Fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith

Ethnocentric

people who believe their own cultural group is more important and superior to other cultures

Cultural relativism

the concept that a person’s or group’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group’s culture

Cultural appropriation

the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of another culture

Imperialism

the dominance of one political community over another political community. The weaker political community is influenced to serve the dominant power’s interests.

Colonialism

the process of using military force to conquer and settle another territory, whether it is occupied or unoccupied

Neocolonialism

This term emerged in recent years because imperialism can be pursued through the assertion of political, economic, and cultural influence.

Animism

the belief that non-living objects, such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits

Pidgin Language

an extremely simplified non-native language used by two people who speak two different languages.

Creole Language

a pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers. Frequently developed through settings of colonization and slavery.

Lingua franca

a common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication. Usually for business, trade, commerce, or in popular culture.

Official language

used by the government of a country for laws, reports, signs, public objects, money, and stamps.

Social constructs

ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or social group and are not created by nature

Time-space convergence

the greater interconnection between places that results from improvements in transportation

Cultural convergence

cultures becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural ideas

Cultural divergence

the idea that a culture may change over time as the elements of distance, time, physical separation, and modern technology create divisions and changes

Ethnic religions

belief traditions that emphasize strong cultural characteristics among their followers

Universal religions

open to all people regardless of their ethnic backgrounds, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

Acculturation

an ethnic or immigrant group moving to a new area and adopting the values and practices of the larger group that has received them, while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture

Assimilation

when an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

Syncretism

the fusion or blending of two distinctive cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait

Multiculturalism

the coexistence of several cultures in one society, with the ideal of all cultures being valued and worthy of study