Eisenhower - Civil Rights

What was Dejure segregation

Bound by law

What was Defacto segregation

Happened naturally

What factors would affect segregation

Education, Race, Socioeconomic, Gender

How many people does Eisenhower appoint to the Supreme Court

5

What beliefs did Earl Warren have

Anti-segregation

When was Brown v. Board

1954

What did Brown v. Board decide

Segregation in schools didn’t allow black students to obtain full benefits of an eduction

What was Brown II

Ruling by the Supreme Court that integration should be accomplished “with all deliberate speed”

What was the purpose of interposition resolutions in 1956

State legislatures stating that the Brown ruling had no effect in their state

What did the southern manifesto pledge

The opposition to Brown v. Board

What councils were established in the south to defend segregation

White Citizen’s councils

When was Emmett Till murdered

1955

Where was Emmett Till murdered

Mississippi

What happened to the men that murdered Emmett Till

They were acquitted, admitted their guilt to a journalist for a cash fee

What did Till’s mother do that caused sensation in the Media

Held open casket funeral

Who was Autherine Lucy

Black student who took to federal court to obtain admission to the University of Alabama in 1955

What happened to Autherine Lucy in 1956

She was expelled

What were the rules about segregation on buses

First 10 rows reserved for white people, black passengers could not sit next or parallel to white passengers, if the bus was full black passengers would stand or denied entry

When did the bus boycott start

1955

What role had Rosa Parks had in the NAACP

Secretary

What did Rosa Parks do

Refuse to move when demanded to give up her seat to a white man

How long did the bus boycott last

Almost a year

What happened to people who were not able to walk to work

Taxis or rideshares were organised

When was it declared that segregation was unconstitutional

13th November 1956

Who emerged as an important figure during the bus boycotts

Martin Luther King

What had the south implemented to prevent black people from voting

Literacy tests

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 do

Prosecution of anyone who tried to prevent someone for voting

Why did the Little Rock Crisis happen

Schools took as long as possible to integrate

How many students were joining Central High School

9

What date were the Little Rock nine starting school

September 4th 1957

Who blocked the Little Rock nine from the school

Arkansas National Guard

How did Eisenhower react to the Little Rock crisis

Federalised the Arkansas national guard and sent the 101st airborne division

Why did Eisenhower intervene in the Little Rock crisis

Breakdown of law and order

On what date did the Little Rock nine finally enter the school

September 25th 1957

What was “the lost year”

Closure of public schools if there was a belief that integration would cause violence

When was central high school integrated by

1960

When were other schools in the Little Rock area integrated by

1972

When did the sit ins start

Feb 1st 1960

What happened at the first sit in

Four black students ordered food from the whites only counter in Woolworths and remained in the shop all day

How many cities were affected by the sit ins

Over 100

How many people were actively involved in sit ins demonstrations

50,000

How many people were arrested at the sit ins in the 60’s

Over 2000

How did the sit ins help to erode Jim Crow laws

Loss of business made Woolworths desegregate all its lunch counters by the end of 1961

Who was the governor of Arkansas

Orval Faubus

What did the 1957 civil rights act plan to do

Ensure black voting rights

Around what percentage of southern African Americans were registered to vote in 1957

20%

What effect did the 1957 civil rights act have

Very little, southern democrats had worked hard to weaken the bill

What did the 1960 civil rights act achieve

Obstruction of court ordered desegregation was a federal crime, established penalties for the obstruction of black voting

By what percent did the 1960 civil rights act increase the black vote

3