Unit 4 APUSH

Thomas Jefferson

Democratic Republican and 3rd president. Got rid of the Whiskey Ta, Alien and Seidtuons Act, cut national debt, and refused to pay the Barbary States

Barbary States

States in North Africa that used piracy to gain wealth from weaker nations. Paid to protect American ships from seizures and ransom. Because Jefferson stopped paying, the pirates attacked American ships and Jefferson sent the Navy. To avoid war, they agreed on a lower payment for protection

Haitian Revolution

Revolt against French rule by free and enslaved black peole in the 1790s on Saint Dominique Island. Established the Republic of Haiti, the 1st black led nation in the Americas in 1803

Toussaint L'Ouveture

Inspired by the Delcaration of Independence, he was a military leader and the first president of Haiti. Died in a French prison

Napolean

French military officer. Seized power in France and sent troops to Haiti to reclaimed it but failed resulting in Jefferson wanting to buy trading rights on the Mississippi River

Louisiana Purchase

1803 US purchase of Louisiana from France double the size of America. Hypocritical of Jefferson because he wanted a strict interpretation of the Constitution and no where does it say the government can buy land. Jefferson justified it by saying it would remove natives, end European influence, increase US exports. Liked by citizens for the expansion it provided

Corps of Discovery

Expedition by US to explore Lousiana. Aides by natives interpreters like Sacagawea. 1804-1806

Merriweather Lewis

Jefferson's secretary that helped lead the Corps of Discovery with William Clark Recorded nature observations

Lieutenant Zebulon Pike

1806 explored South Louisiana. Captured by Mexicans where he learned helpful information about Mexican lands and desires

Judiciary Act

1801 passed by Federalist Congress to expand the Federalist court systematically, creating 16 regional courts with judges (midnight appointment) for each. Just Before DRs took control of Congress

John Marshall

Cheif Justice of US. Insisted that the Supreme courts power must be equal to the executive and legislative branches to properly balance each other

Marbury Vs Madison

1803 Supreme Court ruling by Marshall that established the authority of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws and interpret the Constitution. William Marbury (midnight appointee) sued James Maddison for not giving some documents and won because of the Judiciary Act but then the Judiciary Act was declared unconstitutional

McCulloch Vs Maryland

1819 supreme court ruling that federal laws take precedence over state laws. Implied powers of the Constitution to the federal government. Congress made a 2nd bank that Maryland legislators believed held too much power and they wanted to taxe it. Maryland lost

Judicial Review

The Supreme Courts ability to rule on cases at both federal and state level. Resulted from Marbury vs Maddison

Embargo Act

1807 act that prohibited US ships from leaving their ports until Britain and France stopped restriction on US trade, impressing US sailors, and punishing the US for trading with the other. Kept the US out of war but ended up having bad effects for the economy

National/Cumberland Road

Road constructed using federal funds that ran from west Maryland through Southwest Pennsylvania to Wheeling West Virginia.

Robert Fulton

Improved on Oliver Evan’s steam engine in the 1st steamboat: The Clermot

Multiplier Effect

The diverse changes spurred by a single invention, including other inventions it spawns and the broader economic, social, and political transformations it fuels

Cotton Gin

Machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 to deseed cotton. Dramatically reduced the time and labor in cotton profit. Facilitated the expansion of cotton production in the South and West. Fueled the expansion of agriculture production and slavery in the south which fueled regional specialization ensuring that cities in 1 area (north or south or west) depended on the other regions

American System of Manufacturing

Production system focused on water-powered machinery, division of labor, and the use of interchangeable parts. Increased the productivity of US manufacturing.

Non-intercourse Act

1809 President Madison and Congress passed it. Allowed US ships to trade with every nation but France and Britain. Failed to stop the seizure of American ships or help the economy. Replace the Embargo Act. Americans opposed Congress restricting their right to trade

Tecumesh

Inspired by the battle of fallen timbers, he was a Shawnee warrior that resisted white encroachment and gave up white culture. Created an alliance of natives in the Ohio River Valley. Established Prophet Town which was burned down and natives fled to Canada

William Henry Harrison

Tricked natives into selling their lands but Tecumesh dismissed the treaty because other natives owned the land. Governor of Indiana. Ordered by Madison to attack Prohet town

President Madison

Federalist. Feared the growing power of the Shawnee leaders.

War of 1812

1812-1815 war between US and Britain that was supported by DRs but not federalists as they wanted British trade. A result of GB and France restricting US trade and encouraging native resistance in Canada. Supporters said that a victory would mean the end of threats to US Sovereignty and would raise US stature in Europe. The US was i’ll prepared because of cuts in federal spending, no national bank, falling tax revenus, and diminished military

The Bank of the United States

Was not rechartered by the DRs. National bank established in 1791 that was responsible for holding federal funds and distributing loans and currency. Lacked a source of credit

Battle of Horseshow Bend

1814, Tennessee militia led by Andrew Jackson defeated British Native allies in Alabama

Andrew Jackson

Fought at the battle of horseshow bend and battle of new orleans. Leader of the Democrats when the DRs split. Used the fact that he was a war hero and wanted to limit federal power to make him popular among farmers and laborers and supported by Van Buren. He promised just taxes, gaining southern and western support. He gained the North’s and frontier’s support by supporting the Tariff of 1828 and his military credentials. He did a lot of rallies and genuinely “ran” for president with actual campaign tatics. His election firmly established Democrats vs Republicans

Hartford Convention

1814 convention of federalists opposed to the war of 1812. Called for Northeast's secession from the US. Some members wanted amendments to the Constitution to limit federal power: 1 term per president, president elected from diverse states ending Virginia’s dominance, 2/3 majority of congress to declare war or ban trade

Treaty of Ghent

GB losing money from the war of 1812 so they ended it. All lands gained or lost were given back to their OG owners

Battle of New Orleans

Andrew Jackson and his militia did not know about the Treaty of Ghent so they demolished the British and essentially won the war though it was already over. Made the federalists look stupid

Tariff of 1817

Increased the cost of imported goods to improve domestic sales. The south supported this

Henry Clay

Proposed the American System. DR of Kentucky

American System

Plan to promote the US economy by containing federally funded internal improvements to aid farmers with federal tariffs to protect US manufacturing and a national bank to oversee economic development. Fueld by Western expansion. Federally funded internal improvements (vetoed by Madison). Implementation of protective tariffs. Re-established Bank of the US. Created by Henry Clay

Erie Canal

State funded canal built in the early 1800s that made water transport from the Great Lakes to NYC possibly. Inspired similar projects. Ensured NYC became an important international port. Fueled by NE industrial development and built by immigrants. Tolls on it repaid the price of construction. Connected states in commerce. Led to the rise in commercial and manufacturing centers

James Monroe

DR that won presidency over Rufus King due to an economic resurgence

John Quincy Adams

Monroe sent him to improve relations with GB by negotiating treaties to limit US and GB naval forces on the Great Lakes, set US-Canada border to the 49th parallel. Was supported for president due to his father's reputation, diplomatic achievements, increase of tariffs and northern economy. Wanted more internal improvements but largely hindered by Congress. He “stood” for election, distancing himself and making himself appear as grande but because more than just elites were voting now this made him lose the 2nd election

Adams-Onis Treaty

Andrew Jackson killed some people in Florida while trying to kick out natives but GB and Spain decided to forget about it. 1819 Spain gave Florida to the US

Monroe Doctrine

1823 assertion by Monroe that the western hemisphere was part of the US sphere of influence. The US lacked power to back up this claim but it challenged European authority

Panic of 1819

The nations 1st several recession. Lasted 4 years. Resulted from irresponsible banking practices and the declining international demand for US goods. Also led to working men demanding the right to vote to hold politicians accountable

The Second Bank of the United States

Established in 1816, distributed national currency and regulated state banks. Ceased operation in 1836

The Missouri Compromise

1820, Henry Clay proposed that Missouri be allowed statehood as a slave state and Maine is allowed statehood as a free state. Established the southern border of Missouri as the border between slave and free states

Mutual Aid Societies

Voluntary associations where members pooled resources to support each other through financial assistance in times of hardship like sickness, unemployment, or death, essentially acting as a self-help insurance system

Temperance

Abstinence from alcohol due to moral, logical, and religious reasons

Market Revolution

A period of rapid economic transformation of the US during the early 19th century. There was a shift from a local, sustenance economy to a national, market economy. Driven by transportation (canals, steamboats), communication (the telegraph), and industry (factories, cotton gin) advancements. There was in increased movement of goods, people, urbanization, immigration, labor, diversity, ethnic tensions, economic competition, disease, and crime. The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms

Separate Spheres

1700-1800 social belief that men and women had separate roles and should occupy separate places in society. Men were part of the social, public, work sphere. Women were part of the private, domestic sphere

Deskilling

The replacement of skilled labor with unskilled labor and machines

Unions

Groups of workers seeking rights and benefits. Working men formed these to better wages and conditions. These were hard to form because skilled workers considered unskilled workers competition and vice versa

The Panic of 1837

A severe economic recession after Martin Van Buren's presidential election. It began in the South because of the decreasing price of cotton in Great Britain. This resulted in increased crime and unemployment and decreased cotton shipments, textile factories, and wages.

Martin Van Buren

Democratic Republican who fought to eliminate property requirements for the right to vote

Denmark Vesey

A free black person that helped organize churches and mutual aid societies so white people so him as a threat to the belief that black people were inferior to white people. Officials in Charleston, SC accused him of following Toussaint L'ouverture and planning the set thebcity’s slaves free so he was hanged

Democrats

In the 1830s, under presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, the Democratic party developed the characteristics it retained until the end of the century. It was willing to use national power in foreign affairs when American interests were threatened, but in economic and social policy it stressed the responsibility of government to act cautiously, if at all. Democrats argued that the national government should do nothing the states could do for themselves, and the states nothing that localities could do. Limited federal power and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. Free trade and local rule. Against: corporate monopolies, high tariffs, and the national bank

National Republicans

Group opposed to Andrew Jackson, supported John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay; it served as the basis for the Whig Party and promoted national unity, good of federal government rather than separate states. Expansive view of federal power and loose interpretation of the Constitution. Protective tariffs, national bank, federally funded internal improvements. Against crime done by immigrants

Corrupt Bargain

Agreement between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the 1824 presidential election that Clay would withdraw from the race and endorsed Adams with his followers if he would then be appointed Secretary of State by Adams

Tariff of 1828

A high protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that significantly raised taxes on imported goods, primarily aimed at shielding the developing American manufacturing industry, particularly in the North, from foreign competition, which ultimately contributed to the Nullification Crisis due to strong opposition from Southern states who felt it unfairly burdened their economy; it is often associated with the presidency of John Quincy Adams

Spoils System

System implemented by Andrew Jackson in which federal offices were given based off of political loyalty. Republicans used this again AJ by enforcing concerns over presidential power as AJ tried to redo his entire cabinet after Congress forced the guy that AJ appointed that had an affair resign

Tariff of Abominations

Southerners name for the 1828 tariff act that benefited northern manufacturers and merchants at the expense of agriculture and Southern planters

John C. Calhoun

He disliked the Tariff of 1828, was from SC, and said that states have nullifying right which had a negative impact on his relationship with Andrew Jackson though he was his Vice President

Ordinance of Nullification

The south thought Nullification was the only way to save the south from the north crushing it’s economy. This was an 1832 law passed by SC that proclaimed that states have the right to nullify federal laws. It proclaimed several congressional tariffs null and void within SC and SC threatened secession if the federal government enforced these tariffs

Nicholas Biddle

He was the head of the bank of America and requested a recharter for the bank

Force Bill

1833 bill passed by Congress in response to the Ordinance of Nullification. It gave the president the power to use military force to enforce national laws. SC nullified it but it resulted in no fighting as Jackson lowered tariffs due to a negotiation by Henry Clay

General Santa Anna

Elected as president of Mexico after they overthrowed Spain. He wanted to help Mexico by curtailing Comache attacks and US settlement. He appointed a military leader to rule Texas that resulted in a US rebellion and Declaration of Independence

Alamo

A Texan fort captured by General Santa Anna from rebel defenders. The recordings of the battle increased US support for Texas’s independence

General Sam Houston

He led rebels to take Mexican land but the volunteers came too late to actually help or fight

Gag Rule

Passed by the House of Representatives in 1836 to postpone action on all anitslavery petitions by not reading them to try to stifle the debate over slavery. It was renewed annually until 1844. Antislavery activists sent many petitions to the House of Representatives to oppose the annexation of Texas

Indian Removal Act

1830 act supported by Jackson. Natives in the est were forced to exchange their lands for lands west of the Mississippi River. Some natives like the Cherokees refused

Second Seminole War

1835-1842 war between the Seminoles and escaped slaves versus the US government over whether or not the Seminoles would be forced to leave Florida and settle west of the Mississippi River. Despite substantial investments of men, money, resources, and the belief that victory would be easy, it took 7 years for the US to win. Some Seminoles fought but most moved west. This was a guerilla war. It was eventually won by tricking the Seminole leader to an army camp under the guise of peace and capturing him. The US allowed the escaped slaves to move west with their native allies

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

This was spurred by the increased regulations on Cherokees after they refused to move west and claimed sovereignty. 1831 supreme court ruling that denied the Cherokee claim to be a separate nation, stating that all natives were domestic dependent nations. 1 year later, the federal government protected the land and rights of the Cherokee meaning that state laws like this one could no longer affect them

Treaty of New Echota

1836 treaty in which a group of Cherokee men agreed to exchange their lands for money and land west of the Mississippi River. There was no tribal sanction but approved anyway by Congress

Trail of Tears

1831 forced march of Cherokees from Georgia to west of the Mississippi River. Inadequate planning, food, water, hygeine, medicine, forced in army camps, and took 2 months longer than originally predicted meant that many Cherokees died. This led to the Seneca Indians petitioning the federal government against their removal from NY

Whig Party

A political party meant to challenge the Democratic Party. It attempted to form a diverse coalition from around the country by prompting commercial interests and moral reforms. Included: protestants, some commercial farmers, merchants, manufacturers, and southerners who did not like a lot of federal power. They couldn’t agree on a political candidate leading to Van Buren wining. They organized rallies and portrayed Van Buren as an aristocrat. They celebrated innovation, entrepreneurship, farmers, skilled workers, and believed they had religious and moral superiority over Democrats. They welcomed women because women represented moral values

John Tyler

William Henry Harrison’s running mate from VA. He used to be a Democrat but opposed Jackson’s stand on Nullification. He was supposed to attract southern votes. Took over after Harrison died. He had more southern and democratic interests so he vetod high tariffs and recharted the national bank. He ended up being kicked out of the whigs

William Henry Harrison

The whigs united under him. He was a portrayed as a common man (war hero too) despite his wealthy background

Nat Turner

A slave who led a revolt in VA. He believed God gave him a mission

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 slave uprising in VA. Turner and his followers killed a lot of white people and freed slaves. They ended up being captured and hanged by the militia (used as a reminder of the white people’s control) though Turner was able to hide for 2 months. This generated panic among white southerners, stricter controls of black people, and stricter slave codes. In the aftermath, white people beat black people out of fear. It also inspired slave communities and VA to question slavery

Amistad

1839 slave ship to Cuba that had a slave rebellion. Rebels took the ship but were captured by the navy and taken to CT. Rebels sued for their freedom. In 1841, the Supreme Court freed them because it’s illegal to import slaves from Africa to America. The slaves were defended by John Quincy Adams

Abolitionists

People fighting to end slavery

Yeoman farmers

Southern independant landowners who were not slaveholders. Small farmers that depended on planters to ship their crops to markets. Sometimes they were hired by planters. Labor and church brought them together as communities. They believed in slavery but challenged the planters authorities. They wanted more federal representation, liberal policies about debts, and gradual abolition. Yemen women labored unlike planter women. They protester the obstruction of land and waterways by planters

White supremacy

An ideology promoted by southern planters and intellectuals that states that all white people were superior to all black people meaning that the moral and intellectual “failings” of black people justified slavery

Romantic Era

An early 19th century artistic and intellectual movement that reflected a belief in human perfectibility and challenged Enlightement ideas of rationality by insisting on the importance of human passion, the mysteries of nature, and the virtues of the common folk. It started in Europe and influenced US art and literature: ideas of a loving marriage, native recognition, glorified US heros and history, and virtue

Temperance

A movement to moderate—and then ban—alcohol. Began with religious revivals as middle class evangelicals said no more alcohol ever

Joseph Smith

Found the new religious group of Mormons. Founded a mormon settlemtnt in Illinois led by religious leaders. A prophet. Preached antislavery and polygamy. Lynched.

Brigham Young

Took over as prophet after John Smith died. Led people west to the Great Salt Lake to avoid push back from other citizens. Declared no black priests

Transcendalist

A movement in the 1830s that proposed that individuals look inside themselves and to nature for spiritual and moral guidance instead of formal religion

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Founded Transcendalism. Challenged church beliefs. Thought that moral perfection could be found in America's enviroment

Henry David Thoreau

A transcendalist that expirmented in simple living and was arrested for not paying his taxes as a protest against slavery and the Mexican War. He stated that there’s an interplay between a simple life style, natural harmony, and social justice. He argued that people should resist immoral government policies

Hudson River School

A mid 19th century USA artistic movement in which artists painted romanticized landscapes primarily about NY’s Catskill and Adirondack mountains

Thomas Cole

Led the Hudson River School

Nativists

Anti immigrant Americans who launched public campaigns against foreigners in the 1840s. They emerged as a response to increased immigration 1830-1840, specifically by catholics. They blamed immigrants for poverty and crime, attacked immigrants, and blamed their “alcohol abuse”

Utopian communities

Communities formed to embody an alternative social and economic vision and to create models for society to follow. Appeared in the North and Midwest. Inspired by European intellectuals and reformers and American religious and republican ideals

John Humphrey Nayes

Developed the Oneida community in 1848. He believed Christ already had his second coming. He stated that all private property was public, anyone could have consenting sex with anyone whenever, introduced birth control, and believed in the communal raising of a child by the community. There was a lot of backlash but it thrived for 30 years

David Walker

The son of an enslaved man. Wrote an antislavery statement. A writer for the Freedom's Journal (1st newspaper run by black people). He warned that slaves would eventually take freedome by force if the USA doesn’t change soon. Northern black people feared he would cause white backlash. The Appeal (urged black people to resist slavery) circulated widely. He was a radical

William Lloyd Garrison

A white man inspired by Walker. He founded the Liberator and the AASS

The Liberator

A radical abolitionist newspaper in 1831. It called for the immediate, uncompensated (for white people) end of slavery. It used moral persuasion

American Antislavery Society

1833 abolitionist society. It developed many northern branches. It’s members supported lecturers, petitions, criticized churches, and said the constitution was (wrongfully) proslavery

Underground Railroad

A series of routes from southern plantation areas to Northern free states and Canada. Along these routes abolitionist supporters (conductors) helped hide and transport slaves and give them resources

Grimke Sisters

They joined the AASS as lecturers and Quakers. They were white southerners so the fact that they were denouncing slavery carried weight but because they were women people (including the government) opposed and insulted them

Fredrick Douglass

A fugitive slave abolitionist who was a part of the AASS, wrote a memoir, and did a lecture tour

North Star

An abolitionist newspaper founded by Fredrick Douglass in 1847. White AASS leaders opposed it

Come Outer Movement

Protest movement whose members would obstain from political involvement, to protest the government and other organizations’ complicity in slavery. They also withdrew from churches that supported slavery