BIO 150- NVCC Final Lecture Exam Questions with expert curated solutions with 100% Accuracy (PASSED)

Ch.1

List the 6 common bacterial shapes

Coccus

Bacillus

Vibrio

Cocco-bacillus

Spirillum

Spirochete

Ch. 1

Which ones are spherical? Curved? Rod-Shaped?

Spherical: Coccus

Curved: Spirillum, Spirochete, Vibrio

Rod-shaped: Bacillus

Ch. 1

What is the major defining factor characteristic of eukaryotes?

Contains a nucleus

Ch. 1

Name 2 types of protists?

Algae + Protozoa

Ch. 1

Which one has cells surrounded by cell walls of cellulose?

Plants

Ch. 1

Agar, a gel used to grow microorganisms in a Petri dish is derived from ______?

Algae

Ch. 2

Define the following:

- Wavelength

- Amplitude

- Frequency

Wavelength: distance between 2 points

Amplitude: height or depth of each peak

Frequency: rate of vibration OR # of wavelengths

Ch. 2

Describe the following terms:

- Magnification

- Resolution

- Contrast

Magnification: enlarging the image

Resolution: to be able to tell that 2 separate points are indeed separated

Contrast: detecting different structures in a specimen

Ch. 2

Define numerical aperture

The measure of a len's ability to gather light

the higher the numerical aperture, the better the resolution

Ch. 2

Name 2 factors that affect resolution

1) shortening the wavelength

2) increasing the numerical aperture

Ch. 2

Describe the relationship between numerical aperture and resolution

The higher the numerical aperture, the better the resolution

Ch. 2

Describe the relationship between wavelength and resolution

Short wavelengths= increased resolution power

Ch. 2

The 2 types of electron microscopes are _______ and _________

SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope)

Ch. 2

An electron microscope has a higher resolution, why?

It uses short-wavelength electron beams, instead of light

Ch. 2

Which of the following techniques of EM is used to observe the 3D surface details of the specimen?

TEM

Ch. 2

Which of the techniques creates an image defecting by electrons that are passing through the specimen?

TEM

Ch. 2

Which of the techniques of EM offers valuable inform action about detailed internal structures of the specimen?

SEM

Ch. 2

Which of the techniques creates an image by detecting electrons reflected from the surface of the sample?

SEM

Ch. 3

What does the modern endosymbiotic theory state?

That mitochondria and chloroplasts arose as a result of prokaryotic cells establishing a symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host

Ch. 3

What is plasmolysis?

contraction of plant cells, which lead to shrinking

Ch. 3

A glycocalyx is a sugar coat, of which there are 2 important types:

_______ and _________

Capules and Slime layers

Ch. 3

Which of the 2 types of glycocalyx types contribute to a microbe's pathogenicity?

Capsule and slime layer

Ch. 3

What is Osmosis?

The diffusion of water

*Low concentration= more water

*High concentration= less water

Ch. 3

Differentiate between an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic medium

Isotonic: same solute as another solution (no change in shape)

Hypertonic: higher solute concentration (shriveled up in shape)

Hypotonic: lower solute concentration (inflated shape)

Ch. 3

What is the direction of water flow for a bacterial cell living in a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic environment?

Isotonic: no net movement

Hypertonic: out of the cell

Hypotonic: into the cell

Ch. 3

What advantages do cell walls provide prokaryotic cells in a hypertonic environment?

- allows to maintain its shape longer

- prevents the cell membrane from expanding

Ch. 3

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

- mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from the uptake of bacteria

- these bacterias establish a symbiotic relationship w/ their host cells so that it can eventually lead to the bacteria evolving into mitochondria and chloroplasts

Ch. 3

Briefly describe the functions of a nucleoid

Nucleoid:

where prokaryotic DNA interacts w/ nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) that assist w/ the organization and packaging of the chromosomes

Ch. 3

Describe Plasmids

Plasmids:

Carries genes that confer advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistence

Ch. 3

Describe Ribosomes

Ribosomes:

Responsible for protein synthesis

Ch. 3

Describe Inclusions

Inclusions:

they are various nutrients or pigments that DO NOT have any activity

Ex: glycogen, lipids, melanin (pigment)

Ch. 3

Describe Endospores

Endospores:

allows bacterium to produce a dormant and highly-resistance cell to preserve the cell's genetic material during times of stress

Ch. 3

Describe Cell Walls

Cell wall:

protects the cell from harsh conditions in the outside environment

Ch. 3

Describe Flagella

Flagella:

structures used by cells to move in aqueous environments- acts like propellers to move

Ch. 3

Describe F Pili

F Pili:

when 2 cells physically transfer or exchange parts of their respective genome

Ch. 3

Describe Fimbriae

Fimbriae:

short-bristle proteins enables a cell to attach to surfaces and to other cells

Ch. 3

Compare flagella's rotation during running and tumbling of bacteria?

Running: flagella rotates in a COUNTER-CLOCKWISE direction (bundled flagella)

Tumbling: split/separated in a CLOCKWISE direction

Ch. 3

Compare and contrast monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous flagella?

Monotrichous: bacterium w/ singular flagellum, located at the end of one cell

Amphitrichous: flagellum or tufts at both ends of the cell

Lophotrichous: has a tuft at one end of the cell

Peritrichous: flagella that covers the entire surface of a bacterial cell

Ch. 4

List the 5 types of symbiotic relationships

1) Mutualism

2) Amensalism

3)Commensalism

4) Neutralism

5) Parasitism

Ch. 4

Describe Mutualism population?

when 2 species benefit from each other

pop. A= benefitted

pop. B= benefitted

Ch. 4

Describe Amensalism population?

when 1 population harms another but remains unaffected

pop. A= harmed

pop. B= unaffected

Ch. 4

Describe Commensalism population?

when 1 organism benefits and the other is unaffected

pop. A= benefitted

pop. B= unaffected

Ch. 4

Describe Neutralism population?

when neither organism is affected in an y way

pop. A= unaffected

pop. B= unaffected

Ch. 4

Describe Parasitism population?

when 1 organism benefits while harming another

pop. A= benefitted

pop. B= harmed

Ch. 5

What do monoecious and dioecious mean?

Monoecious: having both female and male reproductive organs in the same individuals

Dioecious: having both female and male reproductive organs in separate individuals

Ch. 5

Are nematodes segmented?

No, they are unsegmented

Ch. 5

Differentiate between the 3 growth forms of lichens:

- Crustose lichens

- Foliose lichens

- Fruticose lichens

Crustose: tightly attached, crusty appearance

Foliose: leaf-like lobes

Fruticose: rounded structures of overall branched appearance

Ch. 5

What types of organisms are found in lichens?

Green Algae (cyan bacterium) and Fungus

Ch. 5

Whereas animals have cholesterol in their cell membranes, fungal cell membranes have different sterols called ________,

which are often exploited as targets for anti fungal drugs

Ergosterols

Ch. 5

Fungal cell walls contain __________, as opposed to cellulose found in the cell walls of plants and many protists.

Chitin

Ch. 5

Most multicellular fungal bodies are made up of filaments called ________, that can form a targeted network called a ________

- Molds

- Hyphae

Ch. 5

What does dimorphic mean?

Having more than one appearance during their cell cycle

Ch. 5

Differentiate between:

(a) hyphae and mycelium

Hyphae:

multicellular fungal body made up of filaments

Mycelium:

tangled network of fine, white filaments

Ch. 5

Differentiate between:

(b) septate and non-septate hyphae

Septate:

consists of walls between cells

Non-septate:

LACKS walls and cell membranes between the cells

Ch. 5

Among platyhelminths, the flukes and tapeworms are medically parasites.

Which of the two are segmented?

Flukes (cestodes) and Tapeworms (trematodes)

Ch. 5

Phylum Platyhelminths are flatworms that includes the ____________, _________, and the _____________, which includes planarians.

1) Flukes

2) Tapeworms

3) Turbellarians

Ch. 5

What is the most common nematode infection in the U.S.?

Pinworm

Ch. 5

The 2 major groups of parasitic helminths are ___________ and ____________.

1) Nematoda

2) Platyhelminths

Ch. 6

Describe the general characteristics of viruses as pathogens?

- lacks genes

- infectious, acellular pathogens

- DNA or RNA genome (never both)

- genome is surrounded by protein

- travel lunar parasites w/ host and cell-type specificity

Ch. 6

Which types of viruses have spikes?

1) Hemaglutinin (H)

2) Neuraminidase (N)

Ch. 6

Each capsid is composed of protein subunits called?

capsomeres

Ch. 6

Differentiate between naked viruses and enveloped viruses?

Naked Viruses:

form only a nucleus acid and capsid

Enveloped Viruses:

small portion of phospholipid membrane "budding" w/ host cell

(can be intracellular or cytoplasmic in origin)

Ch. 6

List and describe the 5 stages in. the bacterio lyctic cycle and briefly describe what happens at each stage?

1) Attachment:

attached to the surface of the host cell

2) Penetration:

viral DNA enters host cell

3) Biosysnthesis:

phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are made

4) Maturation:

new phage of particles are assembled

5) Lysis:

releases newly made phages

Ch. 6

(a) Do bacteriophages have a lyctic or lysogenic cycle?

(b) Which one leads to the destruction of the host cells?

(a) Either or

(b) Lysis

Ch. 6

Which one leads to integration of phage into the host genome?

lysogenic

Ch. 6

What is transduction?

when a bacteriophage transfers DNA from one bacterium to another during sequential Infections

Ch. 6

Discuss the difference between generalized and specialized transduction?

Generalized:

when a random piece of bacterial chromosomal DNA is transferred by the phage during the lytic cycle

Specialized:

occurs at the end of lysogenic cycle, when the prophage is exercised and bacterium enters the lytic cell

Ch. 6

Differentiate between:

- persistent infections

- latent infections

- chronic infections

Persistent infections:

not completely cleared but remains in certain tissues for organs of the infected person

Latent infections:

capable of remaining dormant (latency)

Chronic infections:

recurrent or persistent over a long time (or lifelong)

Ch. 7

Differentiate between macronutrients and micronutrients (or trace elements) ?

Macro:

large amounts; proteins, fats carbohydrates, and water

Micro:

small amounts; vitamins and minerals

Ch. 7

Why is the concept of isomerism very important in chemistry?

bc the structure of a molecule is always directly related to its function

Ch. 7

Differentiate between structural isomers and stereoisomers?

Structural:

compounds w/ identical molecular formulas but differ in bonding sequence of atoms

Stereoisomers:

Isomers that differ in the spatial arrangements of atoms

Ch. 7

What are enantiomers?

- they exhibit chirality

these chemical structures are non superimposable mirror images of each other

Ch. 7

Which one(s) is/are linear and which one(s) is/are branched for the following:

- Starch

- Glycogen

- Cellulose

Linear: Cellulose

Branched: Glycogen and Starch

Ch. 7

Which one(s) is/are energy storage molecule in animals and bacteria?

In plants?

Animals: Glycogen

Plants: Starch

Bacteria: Glycogen

Ch. 7

Which one(s) is/are formed from just 2 types of compounds: glycerol and fatty acids?

- Triglycerides

- Phospholipids

- Isoprenoids

- Sterols

Triglycerides

Ch. 7

Differentiate between primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins?

Primary:

sequence of a chain of amino acids

Secondary:

local folding of polypeptide chain

Tertiary:

3D folding pattern

Quaternary:

consists of more than one amino acid chain

Ch. 7

Differentiate between the native and the denatured protein?

Native:

folded proteins that are fully functional in their normal role

Denatured:

When a protein loses its shape (3D) and is no longer functional

Ch. 7

What makes carbon so suitable to be part of all the macromolecules of living organisms?

- has unique properties

- can form covalent bonds to as many as 4 different atoms

- "backbone"

Ch. 7

Differentiate between these 4 types of disaccharides:

- sucrose

- lactose

- galactose

- maltose

Sucrose:

Naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables

(Glucose + Fructose)

Lactose:

Dairy products

(Glucose + Galactose)

Galactose:

found in milk, and always linked to glucose

(Galactose + Glucose)

Maltose:

doesn't occur in naturally occurring foods- except for sprout grains

(Glucose + Glucose)

Ch. 7

________ the primary components of adipose tissue (body fat) are major constituents of sebum (skin oils)?

Triglycerides

Ch. 7

Which one(s) is/are the important components of plasma-membrane?

(a) triglycerides

(b) phopholipids

(c) isoprenoids

(d) sterols

(b) phospholipids

(such as: lipids, proteins, carbohydrates)

Ch. 7

________ forms a lipid-bilayer sheets that makeup the cell membranes of nearly all organisms.

plasma membrane

Ch. 7

What are the differences between organic and inorganic molecules?

Organic:

- larger and more complex

- held together by covalent bonds to form cells of an organism to perform life functions

Inorganic:

Opposite of what organic molecules do

Ch. 7

What are isomers?

molecules w/ the same atomic makeup but different structural arrangement of atoms

Ch. 7

List the 6 most abundant elements in a cell that account for about 99% of the dry weight of cells?

1) Hydrogen (H)

2) Carbon (C)

3) Oxygen (O)

4) Nitrogen (N)

5) Phosphorus (P)

6) Sulfer (S)

Ch. 8

Differentiate between:

(a) autotrophs and heterotrophs

Autotrophs:

convert inorganic CO2 into organic compounds

Heterotrophs:

rely on complex organic compounds as nutrients

Ch. 8

Differentiate between:

(b) phototrophs and chemotrophs

Chemotrophs:

obtain their energy for electron transfer by breaking chemical bonds

Phototrophs:

get their energy for electron transfer from lipids

Ch. 8

Differentiate between:

(c) organotrophs and lithotrophs

Organotrophs:

- are chemotrophs that obtain energy from organic compounds

(ex: humans, fungi, etc..)

Lithotrophs:

get their energy from inorganic compounds

Ch. 8

Differentiate between;

(d) oxidation reactions and reduction reactions

Oxidation reactions:

removes electrons from donor molecules

Reduction reactions:

add electrons to acceptor molecules

Ch. 8

(a) What it glycolysis?

(b) Where in the cell does it happen?

(a) Glycolysis:

most common pathway for the catabolism of glucose (producing energy)

(b) it happens in the..

- energy investment phase &

- energy payoff phase

Ch. 8

Overall, in this process of glycolysis, the net gain from the breakdown of a single glucose molecule is 2________, 2___________, and 2__________.

2 G3P

2 BPG

2 Pyruvate

Ch. 8

Where in the cell does the Kreb cycle take place in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes: Cytosol

Eukaryotes: matrices of the mitochondria

Ch. 8

Differentiate between homolactic fermentation and heterolactic fermentation?

Homolactic:

1 molecule of glucose= 2 molecules of lactic acid

Heterolactic:

Yields, CO2 and ethanol in addition to lactic acid

Ch. 8

Briefly describe how..

- competitive inhibitors

- noncompetitive inhibitors

- allosteric activators

- feedback inhibition

regulate enzyme activity?

Competitive:

binds to enzyme's active site to prevent binding to its substrate

Non-competitive:

binds to enzyme at a location other than its active site

Allosteric:

also binds to location other than active site, but produces positive feedback

Feedback inhibitors:

regulates its OWN product

Ch. 9

List the 4 phases of bacterial growth curve?

1) "lag"

2) "log"

3) "stationary"

4) "death"

Ch. 9

Differentiate between the 4 phases of bacterial growth curve?

1) "lag"

- stays flat

2) "log"

- increases

3) "stationary"

- no action

4) "death"

- "falls" to its death

Ch. 9

Describe different categories of microbes w/ temperature requirements for growth

(a) psychrophile

(b) meophile

(c) thermophile

(d) hyper-thermophile

(a) psychrophile: 10-30 C

(b) meophile: 20-40 C

(c) thermophile: Greater than 45 C

(d) hyper-thermophile: 80-121 C

Ch. 9

Describe the following..

- obligate aerobe

- obligate anaerobe

- falculative anaerobe

- aerotolerant anaerobe

- microaerophile

- capnophile

obligate aerobe:

cannot grow w/o O2

obligate anaerobe:

lack actablic enzyme systems

falculative anaerobe:

uses O2 whenever present

aerotolerant anaerobe:

grown on limited O2 , not harmed

microaerophile:

Harmed by O2, but require small amount of it for metabolism

capnophile:

grows best @ higher CO2

Ch. 19

Which of the following is the type of cell largely responsible for type I hypersensitivity responses?

mast cell

Ch. 19

Type I hypersensitivities require which of the following initial priming events to occur?

sensitization