Science test 6

Science

the systematic study of God’s creation

Chemistry

the study of the composition and interactions of matter

Physics

the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them

Matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

Mass

the amount of matter in an object

Volume

the amount of space matter occupies

Density

mass per unit volume of a substance

Inertia

an object’s resistance to a change in motion

Energy

the ability to do work

Kinetic energy

energy of motion

Potential energy

stored energy due to position or condition

Mechanical energy

energy of an object due to its motion or position

Thermal energy

energy related to the temperature of an object

Radiant energy

energy in the form of electromagnetic waves

Chemical energy

energy stored in chemical bonds

Nuclear energy

energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

Work

the transfer of energy when a force is applied over a distance

Power

the rate at which work is done

Force

a push or a pull on an object

Friction

a force that opposes motion

Velocity

speed in a given direction

Acceleration

the rate of change of velocity

Momentum

mass times velocity

Law of Inertia

Newton's First Law stating an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon

Law of Acceleration

Newton's Second Law stating force equals mass times acceleration

Law of Action and Reaction

Newton's Third Law stating every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Atom

the smallest unit of matter

Proton

a positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus

Neutron

a neutrally charged particle in an atom’s nucleus

Electron

a negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus

Element

a pure substance consisting of only one type of atom

Isotope

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Compound

a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined

Mixture

a combination of substances not chemically bonded

Molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

Ion

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge

Covalent bond

a bond formed by the sharing of electrons

Ionic bond

a bond formed by the transfer of electrons

Metallic bond

a bond formed between metal atoms sharing electrons freely

Chemical formula

a shorthand way to show the composition of compounds

Physical change

a change in appearance without changing composition

Chemical change

a change that produces new substances

Law of Conservation of Mass

matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

Temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles

Heat

the transfer of thermal energy

Conduction

heat transfer through direct contact

Convection

heat transfer through fluid movement

Radiation

heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

Specific heat

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass by 1°C

Melting point

the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

Boiling point

the temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas

Freezing point

the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid

Evaporation

the change of a liquid to a gas at the surface

Sublimation

the change of a solid directly to a gas

Simple machine

a device that makes work easier

Lever

a rigid bar that pivots around a point to move a load

Fulcrum

the pivot point of a lever

Inclined plane

a sloped surface that reduces the effort needed to raise a load

Wedge

two inclined planes back-to-back used to split or cut

Screw

an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder

Pulley

a wheel with a rope used to lift loads

Wheel and axle

a large wheel attached to a smaller axle

Mechanical advantage

the number of times a machine multiplies force

Efficiency

the ratio of output work to input work