Exam 3 Psych 1

Sigmund Freud

1856-1939

Doctor in 1881

Interested: physiology and psychodynamic movement

Focus: Bio mech. behind thought + behaviors

Research: + Jean Charcot = treating people with hypnosis and other approaches = understanding unconscious

developed own pyschodynamic institute

created psychodynamic theory

Freud inspired interest

physiology and psychodynamic movement <- Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brucke

psychodynamic theory

personality based on interplay of conflicting forces within individual

explains individual diff (personality) and abnormal

consscious vs unconsciou

conscious

thoughts and experiences where we are aware of that impact on our behavior

unconscious

thoughts and experiences where we are unaware of that impact on our behavior

source of forces

id

superego

ego

id

unconscious force that constantly seek SATISFACTION of basic needs

(survival, sex, thirst, hunger, sleep)

"it" (instincts) = 'devil'

superego

preconscious force that's only goal is to push us to do what is RIGHT via society standards

superego tries to balance out id but superego gets pushed under the surface

"super" "I" (moral compass) = 'angel'

ego

conscious force that we develop in social world and operates on reality principle seeking to SATISFY ID and SUPEREGO's desires in REALISTIC ways

"I" (mediator)

source of forces mountain

psychodynamic theory relation to psychology

personality came from interaction of sources (id, superego, ego) throughout life

suggested unmet needs or traumatic experiences that can --> abnsormal behavorial/thoughts if unaddressed

psychodynamic theory result

clincal work

emphasize: hypnosis

freud clincal work

focus: accessing unconscious traumas/needs that had to be addressed to understand person

brought unconscious UP to change personality or address the abnormal

psychoanalysis

hypnosis

free asociation

dream interpretation

"freudian slips"

psychoanalysis

clinical work

used to get into unconscious

hypnosis

clinical work

suggestions

person highly susceptible and not really help as evidence

free association

clinical

rattle things that come in mind (unconscious thoughts?) in a stream of consciousness

dream interpretation

clinical

report dream --> freud decode it with own code --> conclude meaning of dream

manifested content in dream = relates to something/symbolization

freudian slips

clinical

person says things that they mix up of the tongue

freud thinks this represent real feelings/unconsciou feelings

trend of freud + mental health

1) freud believed mental health issues were mental, not a disease = help stigma

2) freud believed mental health issues were from sexual trauma/fustration = blacklash

freud's focus on sexual trama/fustration

argues that we all have sexual drive --> problems in life

libido

oral stage

anal stage

phallic stage

latency

genital stage

Freud's psychosexual stages is "Old Aged People Love Grandchildren"

libido

psychosexual energy

different orogenetic zones in psychosexual staes that were stimulated at diff ages to explain behaviors/actions

ex// chewing gum bc mouth centered stimulation in oral stage

oral stage

0-18 months

mouth centered stimulation

oral fixation

anal stage

18-36 months

potty training focus

anal retentiveness

phallic stage

3-6 yrs

genetal/gender exploration

penis envy, gender intensification, castration fear

ana freud = daughter = went back to change penis envy for women --> child-bearing envy for men

latency

6 to puberty

no libido

genital stage

puberty +/- maturation of sexual interest

sexual issues

sources of freud's theories

personal insights

cited evidence

- case studies: ann O (bertah pappenheim) = client of one of freud's friend where freud lied about doing therapy session with her and made positive evidence

lack of empirical work (never used surveys or exp)

questions about whether case studies were actually true

complaints on freud

His attempts to link disorders like schizophrenia, depression, and others = childhood trauma --> to a lot of undesirable outcomes

resulted in exploration in this fiend in less scientific way

not really study sex bc Freud intersected childhood experience w/ sex despite not really good research + stigma around mental health

appreciative things about freud

Caused Personality and clinical psychology

Mental health views transitioned (Medical view as disease to psychological concerns)

Appreciation of complexity of desires/drives

Consideration for childhood

Discussion of the impact of sexual life in our behaviors and mental health

Exploration of LEVELS of consciousness

Note: Differences between Freud's unconscious vs current version of subconscious (implicit mental life)

carl jung

1875-1961

formation of personality

Theory: Analytical Psychology

Key Concepts: Collective unconscious, archetypes, individuation.

Mnemonic: "Jung's Journey of the Jungian mind."

car jung accepted freud's beliefs

accepted freud's belief

- personality formed from conscious and unconscious forces

- past experience impact personality

car jung disapproved freud's beliefs

disaproved freud's belief

- personal unconscious did NOT CONTAIN the basic instincts (id) from Freud

Wanted to look at future + strive for goals = important

spiritual component to personality (archetypes, collective unconscious)

spiritual component to personality

archetypes: shifting the way we saw us and others = shape our perception and experience of the world

collective unconscious: all humans share a common, INHERITED layer of the unconscious mind = contains universal patterns of thought and instinct called archetypes

superiority theory

alfred adler

"Adding over and over again to be cool"

early student of freud = broke away because freud was too focus on sex

individual psychology

individual psychology

main force BEHIND thoughts and behaviors is FOCUSED on US and the underlying attempt for SUPERIORITY

--> want to be suprior person and not less than other individuals

striving for superiority

inferiority complex

striving for superiority

desire to seek personal excellence and fulfillment

inferiority complex

exaggerated feeling of weakness, inadequancy, and helplessness due to assessing lack in a skill

carl rogers

1902-1987

formed an HUMANISTIC appraoch to personality and clinical psychology

actual self

ideal self

self-efficacy

self-actualization

the (S)elf

Theory: Humanistic Psychology = want person to understand self

Key Concepts: Client-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard, self-actualization.Mnemonic: "Rogers Regards Respect and Realization."

humanistic appraoch

approach to psych. and assumes POSITIVE aspects of individuals and examins attempts to OVERCOME hardship and despair

actaul self

person that we are

ideal self

person that we want to be

self-efficacy

belief in ability to ACCOMPLISH goal/task

self-actaulization

achievement of one's full potential

results in GREAT accomplishments + obtained through alignment of selves

hierarchy of needs

abraham maslaw (colleage of rogers) = Maslow's Mountain of Needs."

needs that need to be obtained

Psychological: food, air, water, shelter, sex, clothing, comfort = primary drivers

Safety: personal and financial security, health, law, protection from elements

Love/belonging: friendship, love, intimacy, family, ecommunity, belonging, relationship

Esteem : self-esteem, achievement status, confidence, prestige, recognition, mastery, independent

Self-actualization: not really reached here = peace, knowledge, self-fulfillment, personal growth, realization of personal potential

no data/evidence

did try to look for quantifying clincal results, but similar to how freud got his info

social cognitive model

byproduct of social encounters and what we learn

branch of personality

personality

byproduct of learning

learning

effect on social intxn

focused on:

How to SEE different environments?

What to EXPECT out of those environments?

What to WANT from situations?

How to OBTAIN what we want?

Albert bandura

social cognitive

how we learn to develop personality related behavior

modeling = process of developing behaviors BASED on OBS. of others and outcomes experienced

--> BOBO DOLL EXP.: Bobo doll experiment: Kid watched the model play with the Bobo doll (one plays with it, the other beats the doll up). The kid is put in a different room where the Kid plays/beat the doll depending on what the Model did

Theory: Social Learning Theory

Key Concepts: Learning through observation and imitation, Bobo doll experiment.Mnemonic: "Bandura Believes in Behavioral Imitation." = Bobo

walter mischel

focus: research on cognitions developed that FORM personality

expectations of results from behaviors

interpretations of situations

competency: skill sets available to deal with social situation

--> extrovert vs introvert = diff types of thinking dictates personality

Known: delay of gratification = the ability to resist the temptation of an immediate reward in favor of a more valuable one later

==> trying to figure what made you who with quantifying results and correlation = Marshmallow test

personality and behavior summary

All of the theorists:

- looked for explanations for why each of us are unique and consistent in our behaviors (Correlation)

- stressed the past and our focus on the future shape our personality

- Only a few researchers stressed the need for research when generating their ideas

assessing personality

Barnum Effect,

Reliability and Validity,

Objective Personality Measures

Projective Personality Measures

Barnum effect

tendency to accept GENERALIZED personality desc. as accurate desc. of one's unique personality

effect of authority

ex/ vague + positive + mostly true = "You have a tendency to be critical of yourself."

experiment: Gave a mass murderer's horoscope to multiple people and they believed that it applied to themselves mostly

reliability and validity

scaling personality

validity = test accurate (target)

reliability = variable free from random error = similar results (clumped)

ex/ off by 5lbs all the time = reliable but not valid

objective personality tests

self reported tests

standardized personality tests: likert scale (1 to 5) + gather a lot of paper = bell curve

middle = most people = average person

more extreme scores = less, not frequence

if person is close to mean or not = normal range?

Big5 = NEO Pi-R

TIPI

MMPI

MBTI

Big 5

NEO personality inventory-revised

1) dictionary (Allport + Odbert) = looked in dictionaries = found every word in English language related to personality

(18000 words)

2) compared words for syn/ant (cattell) = rid of redundant words (nice+friednly, nice + mean)

(35 traits)

3) conducting "FACTOR ANALYSIS" (overlapp in response frequency) to see which reamining words/traits emerged = five factor model of personality (costa and mccrae) --> 5 traits

OCEAN

- Openness: enjoy new exp. + intellectual exp.

- C: conscientiousness: discipline + ambition

- E: extroversion: sociable, adventurours, + emtoion, taking risks

- A: agreeableness: compassionate, + social relationship, less prejudiced

- N = neuroticism: neg. emotions

likert scale = mean responses

measure general vs clinical population

90% reliable

correlate in behavior in real life

limitations of big 5

not good predictor with other cultures = big 5 based on english dictionary

- most cultures do have overlap

might have too few variables (religious levels, humor, etc?)

might have too many variable (+ corr. E and O, - corr. N and E/O)

potential of (GROWTH) merging/alignment of traits as a person grows older

might not be good predictor of specific behaviors = CAP on predictive value of BIg 5

TIPI

ten item personality inventory

self reproted data

I ese myself as ... (1-5)

MMPI

minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Assesses personality traits and psychopathology - used most widely in clinical settings = protected psychological instrument

--> VALIDITY SCALES: catch exaggerated symptoms or covering up sympotms for personal GAIN

~300-600 True/False items (10 Clinical Scales)

= EMPIRICALLY (not theoretically) → if answers correspond to people with disorders who answered SIMILARLY

Limitation: culture + MMPI (single test measure personality for all people), high intercorrelations (overlap between scales vs Big 5's clustered questions), misleading/outdated terms (hysteria, schiz., musc/fem)

MBTI

myers-briggs type

workpalce + schools

categorize into 16 types (combo of 4 traits)

limitations: categorization vs continuum perspective =MEDIAN split scoring (49 50 = diff info)

not capture ALL Big 5 traits (no Openness)

E/I

Sensing (facts/specificity), Intuitive (exploring/recognizing connections) = how obtain info

T/F = decisions on logicial/emotional

Judging (planning/analyzing)/Perceiving (spontaneity)

projective technqiues

+ specificities that come with this technique (pro/con)

projecting info of yourself to an IMAGINARY person to ASK questions about that person

Protected: answers analyzed by trained psychologists

Ambiguous: Ambiguous stimuli promote personal exploration

Open to interpretation: results can be interpreted differently by different people

rorschach inkblot

low relaibility + potential low viability

= almost no mental disorders that cannot be identified (except for schizophrenia,)

= people who talk more may score higher

= Created for Western population → minoirty groups may score higher

TAT

thematic Apperception Test

- Morgan and Murray (1935)

- Projective test made up of 30 pictures that show people in black and white engaged in ambig. activities

- widly used projective test

write a story of an image --> psych. relate story to certina disorders/personalities

less abstract than Rorschach

early theories on traits

cause of individual differences

specific information --> broader terms (personality and traits) to understand how traits impact your choices in life

personality (combo of…)

combo of characteriesitcs/qual. --> inidivddual distinctive character

traits

distinguishing character/quality = describe consistent behaviors in individual

Gordon allport

1987

first true personality psych.

Theory: Trait Theory of Personality

Key Concepts: Focus on individual traits and patterns in personality = transformational = CONCERN how to measure traits --> Big 5

Mnemonic: "Allport's Array of Attributes."

1) 1. When considering graduate work in psychology, he decided to travel to Vienna and meet with Sigmund Freud at his Psychodynamic Institute ("breakthrough moment")

2. Decided to attend graduate school at Harvard and earned his PhD at the age of 24 (in 2 years of schooling)

3. Presented his theories of personality (from his graduate work) to his colleagues at his dissertation talk = REJECTED to some extent

Focus:

SURFACE traits to describe a person but 'traits'

= rejected by people who wanted to study abnormal personalities

Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement (1921)

Gordon allport

why first TRUE psych

on healthy individual and inidiv. diff (not abnormal prsonality)

traits = heart of personality

explored bio basis of traits

physiology

genetic inheritance

nuances of traits = analysis of frequency (occurances), intensity (strength), and range (situations eliciting occurences) of the TRAITS

challenge to Allport's theory

Allport believed understanding traits = explain individual differences and research = crucial to personality psychology

difficult to explore:

Unique trait combinations of individuals

VARIATION in the number of traits needed to DESCRIBE a person

Focus on the ways that traits can manifest themselves DIFFERENTLY across situations

sourcing traits

causation of traits = genetics, unshared environments

theory of traits

allport

social interactions and identity SHAPE personality traits and our interpretation of them

Cliques/Memberships

Anchoring effects

historical perspective of mental health

Phillipe Pinel's work in 1793 at the Parisian hospital system = Insisted that abnormal thoughts were not transmissible and were NOT DISEASES

Sigmund Freud's impact in the early 1900s = Looked at the mental side of mental health (consciousness, archetypes, etc)

Bio-psycho-social model

ABNORMAL behavior and/or thoughts is the RESULT of biological, sociocultural, and/or psychological factors that combine and interact

Diathesis-stress model:

BIO predispositions and ENV STRESS are both NECESSARY components for the manifestation of ABNORMAL behaviors or thoughts

Ways to Address the Biological

Psychosurgery

Medication

Psychosurgery

based on the idea that abnormality is caused by physical abnormalities of the BRAIN or NERVOUS SYSTEM

historical =focus on identifiable causes

Electro-Convulsive Shock Therapy (ECT): shocking/frying parts of brain or rebooting the brain with electricity

Lobotomies: go through naval cavaty and snip away parts of the brain

Medication

assumes that there is a CELLULAR/NEUROchemical link to certain disorders and mental issues

Benefits:

- Quick results and powerful reduction of symptoms

- Wide range of symptom applications

Cons:

Overmedication

Addiction

Tolerance effects

Long term value concerns (waning effects and no end): not finding the correct thing to fix + temporary effects

Concern over what's being "fixed" (car analogy) rather then the source

Ways to Address the Psychological

Psychotherapy = a treatment of psychological disorders and mental issues through methods that include an INTERACTIVE relationship between a trained therapist and a client or clients

- belief = source of mental health issues = thought-based

- main goal = addressing mental sources of mental health issues

ex/ psychoanalysis, behavioral approach, CBT, Humanistic appraoch

brief therapy, group therapy, self-help groups, integrative psychotherapy (eclectic therapy)

Psychoanalysis

Developed and introduced by Sigmund Freud

Based on his psychodynamic theory

A very interactive, expensive, and long process

- explores present and past

- diff tech. (talk, hypnosis, dream interp., etc)

!! primary attempt: IDENTIFY unconsciou thoughts, memories, and meotions that are dISTURBING --> bring into conscious --> addressed

CBT

cognitive behavioral appraoch

Attempts to address cognitions, emotions, and actions in attempts to HELP an individual

= gold standard = EFFICACY RESEARCH across wide range of disorders

Rational-emotive behavior therapy

CBT that assumes that PROBLEMS are result of INAPP./IRRAT. emotional rxn to situations

Albert Ellis

Look at situation + what emotional reactions/thoughts are causing that situation ==> Changing these thoughts to overcome those emotional and behavioral problems

ex/Negative emotions of shyness and guilt are from telling yourself of those emotions

The Behavioral Approach

Focus is on ADJUSTING actions to eventually change the mind

- effective as treamtent w/ several disorders ((substance abuse, phobias, and some eating disorders))

1) begins with clear well defined goals

2) attempts to achieve goals through diff. LERANING TOPICS + strengthening behavioral CONNECTIONS

- classical and operant conditioning

ex/ systematic desensitization

= exposure therapy of snakes

The Humanistic Approach

Carl rogers

Assumes mental health issues are a PRODUCT of disliking, misperceiving, or generating an incongruence of SELVES (MISMATCH between a IDEAL self and ACTUAL self)

= Assumes that "CLIENTS" are the only ones that can DETECT what is required to REACH their full potential (self-actualization) and ADDRESS the reasons for why they sought therapy in the first place

person or client-centered therapy: therapeutic approach = therapist incorp. TOTAL ACCEPTANCE AND UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD TO CLIENT

- mirroring and client directed convo rather than teherapist directed = + supportive environment to lead to self-actualization

opiod epidemic

Increased because prescription cut off

Addiction

Inability to manage behavior around a certain area, and it causes trouble in your life

Tolerance

either

1) need MORE of substance to achieve the DESIRED effect

2) a DIMINISHED effect with continued use of the SAME amount

Withdrawal

negative physical and psychological effects that develop when a person STOPS taking a substance or REDUCING the amount, or RECURRENTuse of drug to relieve/AVOID withdrawal

Clinical Diagnosis (DSM-V)

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Substance Use Disorders (DSM-V) (substance abuse)

- not addiction

Addiction (gambling)

- gambling disorder

Substance Use Disorder Symptoms:

Problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning. Two or more of symptom present for >=1yr

rate via rating scale

1) Impaired control over substance

- taken in larger amounts or for longer than intended

- • Persistent desire/unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use

• A great deal of time spent to obtain, use, or recover from effects

- • Craving or strong desire or urge to use

2( social impairment

• Failure to fulfill obligations at work, school, or home

• Continued use despite relationship problems

• Big social/occupational/recreational acts given up or reduced

Risky Use

• Repeated use in physically DANGEROUS situations (e.g., driving)

• Continued use despite problems (physical or psychological)

Pharmacological Effects

• Tolerance

• Withdrawal

two interrelated types of dependence

physical: BIO Dependence and Body's GROWING tolerance of drug leading to WITHDRAWAL if drug is removed

Psychological: Neurochemical Dependence and Prsencen of antecedents cue the brain to STRONAGLY anticipate and DESIRE the substance and its reinforcing consequences

phyiscal dependence

growing tolerance to the drug

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms: irritability, anxiety, depression, fatigue, shakenness

Incentive-sentsitization theory

Psychological dependence

Liking (PLEASURE obtained by taking the drug)

Wanting (CRAVING for drug) --> Addiction = strengthened wanting

Dopamine system becomes SENSITIVE to the drug and cues associated with drug (e.g., needles, rolling papers, etc.) = EXCITEMENT

dopamine from psych. dependence

Using the substance stimulates dopamine receptors in nucleus accumbens

Housed in nucleus accumbens = brain's "attention and habit center" --> MORE!!

devleopment of dependency

Monkey respond to cue gets rewarded

Should not only depend on Dopamine released because some of them do not increase dopamine as much = not really as correlation

Perhaps how quick dopamine releases but not strong predictor

Drugs that block dopamine release but does not eliminate reward value of dopamine

Genetic and environmental influences on drug consumption

Usually with twin studies

Gene that effects liver's ability to metabolize alcohol = very SLOW to convert alcohol to acetaldehyde = slow accumulates ACETALDEHYDE so feel sick so avoid alcohol

Addiction and Treatment: nicotine

Nicotine replacement source(nicotine patch, gum, lozenges, or Rx options)

Counseling to support quit attempt

Addiction and Treatment: Alcohol

Inpatient (DETOX)

Alcoholic anonymous (AA)

Medications (Eg Antabuse)

Harm REduction

Cotingency Management

Relapse Prevention

Addiction and Treatment: Opiates (and others)

Narcotes Annonymous (NA) - all substances

Substitiute (eg. methadone for opiates - weekly taking it and also weed off this as well)

Contingency Management

DSM

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

classify disorders

- anxiety/depressive disorders are similar

- Depression, Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), Persistent Depressive Disorder, and Bipolar Disorder =affective disorders

Anxiety Disorders:

intense experience of anxiety

impact life (school, work, relationships), are PERSISTENT, and are often UNDESIRED by those suffering

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Panic Disorder

Phobias

GAD

symptoms + diagonisis

prevalence

treatment

Involves a pervasive and free-floating anxiety

continuously tense and jittery, and usually SFFER from sleeplessness (tired/withdrawn)

least 6 months for diagnosis

Found in 2-3% of the population at any given time (more in women 2-3x, lower income, relationship issues)

treatment: antidepressant medication, CBT, INABILITY to taper off drugs