Chapter 1: Structure and Function of the Muscular, Nervous, and the Skeletal Systems

Exercise Testing Chapter 1

What are the three types of connective tissue that surround muscle fibers?

Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium.

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Regulates the muscle action process.

What is the difference between actin and myosin?

Actin is a thin filament, while myosin is a thick filament.

What is the Sliding Filament Theory?

It states that a muscle shortens or lengthens as actin and myosin filaments slide past each other without changing in length.

What are the five phases of the Sliding Filament Theory in order?

Resting Phase, Excitation-Contraction Coupling Phase, Contraction Phase, Recharge Phase, Relaxation Phase.

What are the three types of muscle contractions?

Isometric, Isotonic, and Isokinetic contractions.

What type of muscle fiber is slow oxidative and known for endurance?

Type I fibers.

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

The brain and the spinal column.

What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organ?

It detects changes in muscle tension.

What is Wolff’s Law in relation to the skeletal system?

Bone will adapt in response to the stress applied to it.

Aerobic ATP production within the cell occurs in which of the following cellular organelles?

Mitochondria

What is the thick myofilament?

myosin

Which of the following types of muscle action(contraction) occurs when the muscle lengthens despite attempting to shorten?

An eccentric contraction

What muscle fiber types has moderate oxidative and anaerobic capacity?

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic (FOG)

What branch of the nervous system is responsible for activating skeletal muscles?

The Somatic Nervous System

_____ muscle action occurs when the muscle shortens while producing force.

Concentric

______ muscle action occurs when the muscle produces force, but its length remains constant (e.g., holding a weight steady in one position).

Isometric

_____ muscle action involves the muscle contracting at a constant velocity throughout the movement.

Isokinetic

__________ fibers have a high oxidative capacity (aerobic) and a low anaerobic capacity.

Slow Oxidative (slow-twitch) aka (SO)

_____ fibers have a high anaerobic capacity but low oxidative capacity (aerobic).

Fast Glycolytic (fast-twitch) of FG

______ Fibers have low anaerobic capacity.

SO (Slow Oxidative) or slow twitch

What is a Isotonic contraction

a type of muscle action where the muscle changes length (shortens or lengthens) while the tension remains relatively constant, producing movement at a joint, like lifting a dumbbell. It's divided into concentric (muscle shortens, like lifting) and eccentric (muscle lengthens, like lowering) phases, both occurring under a consistent load or resistance.

Somatic Nervous Sysytem does what?

Controls voluntary muscle movements.

What does the Autonomic nervous system do?

The Autonomic nervous system Manages involuntary physiological functions.

What is Rate Coding

Modulating the frequency of stimulation to increase muscle contraction intensity.

What is Recruitment?

Activation of additional motor units to increase force.