Lecture 15 - Cofactors and Carbohydrates

Allosteric activation/ inhibition

Overall activate or inactivate an enzyme with small molecule/protein

Activation - changes shape of active site

Inhibition - binds to outside of active site

Cofactors

add factors that don’t naturally occur in enzymes

Carbohydrates

includes sugars and polymers of sugar

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Polysaccharides

Stereoisomer

molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms BUT differ in orientation

Alpha/Beta glucose

alpha - polymers

fuel storage

• starch

• glycogen

beta - polymers

structural

• cellulose

• chitin

Overall same chemical formula but differ in positioning of ring oxygen and 1 ‘OH

Glycosidic bond

covalent bond that links carbohydrates to other molecules.

Mono-/Di/Polysaccharides

all types of carbohydrates

mono - single molecule

di - 2 molecules

Poly - 3 or more molecule

Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen

Glycoproteins

proteins with attached sugar chains that perform many important functions in the body

Proteoglycans

complex glycoproteins that play crucial roles in various biological processes, particularly in the extracellular matrix

Extracellular Matrix

network of non-cellular components that surrounds and supports cells and tissues in the body

ATP

"energy currency" of a cell, meaning it is the primary molecule used to store and transfer energy within living organisms to power various cellular processes

Reaction coupling

process that links two reactions together so that one reaction provides energy for the other

Reduction/Oxidation

a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between two substances.

Leo - Losses of electrons oxidation

Ger - gain of electrons reduction