Endocrinology Gill Quiz 2 Exam 3

The main precursor of steroidogenesis is

Cholesterol (C27)

The other primary factors in steroidogenesis are

Enzymes (Proteins)

-Over 200mil types of proteins

On the cholesterol molecule there are ____ asymetrical carbon

8

since there are 8 asymmetrical carbons there are ______ amount of isomers

2^8 = 256

The 8 asymmetrical carbons are numbered

3,8,9,10,11,12,17,20

The enzyme P450scc cuts between ___ and ___ carbons

20 and 22

17,20Lysase cut between the ___ and ____ Carbon

17 and 20

The other name for cholesterol is

Perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene nucleus

The LDL and VLDL (chylomicrons) become

Cholesterol

LDL and VLDL are transformed to

Protein + Triglycerides

The Protein and Triglycerides then turn into

Glycerol and FFA

The enzyme used is Hormone-sensitive lipase

The glycerol and FFA undergo

lipogenesis

Via Insulin

Glucose from lipogenesis goes through the _____ cycle and then the ______ is turned into cholesterol

Krebs

Acetyl CoA

FFA's can also be transformed into cholesterol first into

Acetyl COA by beta-oxidation

Then the Acetyl CoA is transformed into __

cholesterol

Estrogens become the Hormone ______ and have the parent ring of _______ and have ___ carbon atoms

Estradiol-17β

Estrogen

18

Androgens become the hormone ______ and have the parent ring of _______ and have ___ carbon atoms

Testosterone

Androstane

19

Glucocorticoids become the hormone ______ and have the parent ring of _______ and have ___ carbon atoms

Cortisol

Pregnane

21

Mineralocorticoids become the hormone ______ and have the parent ring of _______ and have ___ carbon atoms

Aldosterone

pregnane

21

Bile Acids become the hormone ______ and have the parent ring of _______ and have ___ carbon atoms

Cholic acid

choline

24

VitD3 become the hormone ______ and has the parent ring of _______ and have ___ carbon atoms

1-25-Di-OH or cholecalciferol

cholestrane or sterane

27

Cholic acid and 1-25-Di-OH can become

bile salts like

-Na-taurocholate

-Na-glycocholate

The enzyme P450scc(side chain cleavage) is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

15, CYP11A1 (Cytochrome protein)

The enzyme 11β-hydroxylase is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

8, CYP11B1

The enzyme 18-hydroxylase(aldosterone synthase) is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

8, CYP11B2

The enzyme 17-hydrocylase is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

10, CYP17A1

The enzyme 21-hydroxylase is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

10, CYP21A2

The enzyme P450 Aromatase is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

10, CYP19A1

The enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(3β-HSD) is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

1, HSD 3B -1&2

The enzyme 11β-HSD is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

1, HSD 11β 1&2

The enzyme 17β-HSD is found on chromosome # __ and is from the gene _____

9, HSD17β 1&2

The CYP11A1, CYP11B1, and the CYP11B2 are

In Mito and are not oxidoreducatase

The HSD 3B 1&2, HSD 11B 1&2, and HSD 17B 1&2 are

non-CYP and are Ocidoreductase

The HSD 17β 1&2 are also found on

10,11, and 12

The Fetal Zone of the Adrenal Medulla is

very large before birth

source of DHEA

The DHEA is turned into

testosterone

Testosterone can be turned into

DHT

The enzyme is 5α-reductase

Testosterone can also be turned into

Estradiol-17β

The enzyme is Aromastase

The DAX-1 gene is found on

X-chromosome

There are ___ DAX-1 genes in females and ___ in males

2, 1

A DAX-1 mutation/deletion results in

Adrenal hypoplasia

Dosage of sensitive sex reversal results in

Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenital

A duplication of DAX-1 gene in males causes

sex reversal

The X-zone of the adrenal medulla is

sex dependent

The X-Zone in males

persist until puberty

The X-Zone persist in females

until mated (carry children)

The STAR (Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein) found on chromosome #8

Is the protein responsible for transportin cholesterol into mitochondria

A STAR mutation results in

Congenitol Adrenal Lipodiol hyperplasia

-Fat depostion

Cholesterol synthesis 1

Acetyl COA transforms to

Acetoacetyl COA

Via another Acetyl COA

Cholesterol synthesis 2

The Acetoacetyl COA transforms to

3-OH-3-Methoxy-Celotaryl COA (HMG COA)

Via another Acetyl COA and the enzyme HMG COA Synthase

Cholesterol synthesis 3

The HMG COA transforms into

Mevalonic Acid

The enzyme used is HMG COA reductase

The HMG COA reductase is the

Rate limiting enzyme

To stop the formation of cholesterol _____ can be use to inhibit _____

Statins, HMG COA

Cholesterol synthesis 4

Mevalonic Acid is transformed into

Mevalonic Acid-Phosphate

The enzyme used is Mevalonate kinase

Cholesterol synthesis 5

Mevalonic Acid-Phosphate is transformed into

Mevalonic Acid Pyrophosphate

The enzyme used is Phosphoevalesnate kinase

Cholesterol synthesis 6

Mevalonic Acid Pyrophosphate is transformed into

Isopentyl-PP

the enzyme used is Mevalonate Pyrophosphate decarboxylase

Cholesterol synthesis 7

Isopentyl-pp is transformed into

Geranyl-PP

The enzyme is Farnesyl-PP Synthase

Cholesterol synthesis 8

Geranyl-PP is transformed into

Farnesyl-PP

the enzyme used is Farnesyl-PP-Synthase

Cholesterol synthesis 9

Farnesyl-PP is transformed into

Squalene

the enzyme used is Squalene Synthase

Cholesterol synthesis 10

Squalene is transformed into

Lanosterol

The enzyme used is Sqqualene Monoxygenase

Cholesterol synthesis 11

Lanosterol is transformed into _____ after another 19 steps

cholesterol

There are many more steps not mentioned

Aldosterone Synthesis 1

Cholesterol is transformed into

Pregnenolone

The enzyme used is P450scc

Aldosterone synthesis 2

Pregnenolone is transformed into

Progesterone

The enzyme used is 3β-HSD

Aldosterone Synthesis 3

Progesterone is transformed into

11-Deoxycorticosterone

The enzyme used is 21-OH-Lase

Aldosterone Synthesis 4

11-Deoxycorticosterone is transformed into

Corticosterone

The enzyme used is 11β-OH-Lase

Aldosterone Synthesis 5

Corticosterone is transformed into

18-OH-Corticosterone

The enzyme used is 18-OH-Lase

Aldosterone Synthesis 6

18-OH-Corticosterone is transformed into

Aldosterone

The enzyme used is Aldosterone Synthase(P450c18)

Cortisol Synthesis 1

Pregnenolone is transformed into

17α-OH-Pregnentone

The enzyme used is 17α-OH-Lase

Cortisol Synthesis 2

17α-OH-Pregnentone is transformed into

17α-OH-progesterone

The enzyme used is 3β-HSD

This can also come from Progesterone

Cortisol Synthesis 3

17α-OH-progesterone is transformed into

Deoxycortisol

The enzyme used is 21-OH-Lase

This can also come from 11-deoxycorticosterone

Cortisol Synthesis 4

Deoxycortisol transforms into

Cortisol

The enzyme used is 11β-OH-lase

Cortisol ------> cortisone transformation and vise versa

Cortisol ----->cortisone

-11β-HSD2

Cortisone---->Cortisol

-11β-HSD1

Testosterone Synthesis 1

17α-OH Pregnenotone is transformed into

DHEA

The enzyme used is 17,20 lyase

Testosterone synthesis 2A

DHEA is transformed into

Androstenedione

The enzyme used is 3β-HSD

Testosterone Synthesis 3A

Androstenedione is transformed into

Testosterone

The enzyme used is 17β-HSD

Testosterone Synthesis 2B

DHEA is transfomed into

Androstenediol

The enzyme used is 17β-HSD

Testosterone synthesis 3B

Androstenediol is transformed into

Testosterone

The enzyme used is 3β-HSD

Testosterone can be transformed into

DHT via

The enzyme used is 5α-Reductase

Estradiol synthesis 1A

Testosterone can be transformed

Estrone(E1)

via the enzyme Aromatase

Estradiol synthesis 2A

E1 is transformed into ____ this is reversible

Estradiol-17β (E2)

via the enzyme 17β-HSD1

The reverse E2---->E1

Via the enzyme 17β-HSD2

Estradiol Synthesis 1B

Testosterone is transformed into

Estradiol-17β (E2)

Via the enzyme aromatase

Aldosterone is synthesized in the

zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex

The enzyme used in the synthesis of aldosterone are

P450scc

3β-HSD

21-OH-Lase

11β-OH-Lase

18-OH-Lase

P450scc

Cortisol is formed in the

Zona faciculata in the adrenal cortex

The enzymes used in cortisol formation is

P450scc

3β-HSD

17α-OH-Lase

21-OH-Lase

11β-OH-Lase

11β-OH-Lase can be inhibit by

Metyrapone

DHEA, Testosterone, DHT, and Estradiol-17β

are produced by Zone Reticularis

The Zone reticularis produce these enzymes

P450scc

3β-HSD

17-α-OH-Lase

17β-HSD

DHT main enzyme is

5α-reductase

Estradiol-17β main enzyme is

Reductase

The corpus luteum produces these enzymes

P450Scc and 3β-HSD

The corpus luteum produces this hormone

progesterone

Granulosa cells produce this hormone

Estradiol-17β

The Granulosa cells produce these enzymes

P450scc

3β-HSD

17β-OH-Lase

17,20 Lyase

Aromatase

Leydig cells produce these enzymes

P450scc

3β-HSD

17α-OH-Lase

17,20 Lyase

17β-HSD

The Leydig cells produce these hormones

Testosterone and DHT

____ from the pituitary acts on the zona fasciculate, which release______, this acts via cytosolic/nuclear receptors

ACTH, Cortisol

CRH from the Hypothalamus acts on the pituitary via

GqPC receptors

ACTH acts on the zona fasciculata via

GsPC receptors

Zona Glomerulosa release Aldosterone under NO ____ effect

ACTH