History Exam - Roman Part

Roman in the mediterranean

Phoenician and greek colonization

Titus Livus livy (64 - 12 BCE)

Wrote Ab Urbe Condita, ''From the Founding of the City'' about the history of Rome since its foundation. He lived during the Augustan period and was friends with Augustus

Syncretism

The combination of two cultures

Antigonid Macedon (Ruling house)

A ruling house of ancient Macedonia in the hellenistic period

Polybius (Historian)

A known ancient historian, used as a source during the middle hellenistic period

Achaean League (City State)

A group of city states during the hellenistic period, covering northern and central peloponnesian. It expanded quickly and cities joined for safety.

Symmachia

Military alliance, typically bilateral (two

Federation

Also called koinon, a political body composed of several smaller states operating under one overarching government

Numismatics

Study of coins and other currency units

Magna Graecia

Group of ancient Greek cities along the coast of southern Italy

Vergil (poet)

Roman Poet of the Agustian period, wrote the 3 most famous poems in latin literature (70

gens, gentes

a family consisting of individuals who shared the same nomen gentilicium and who claimed descent from a common ancestor.

The Black Stone

Romans believed the Lapis Niger marked either the grave of the first king of Rome, Romulus, or the spot where he was murdered by the Senate;

Tarquinius Superbus (Person)

Final Roman King, Reign from (534

Consul

The highest executive official in the Roman Republic, 2 of them

Senate

Head of government and law, 300

Twelve Tables

A legalization that stated the rights and duties of Roman citizens (450 BCE)

Exemplum

Narrative from, which told the great Roman feats, use as propaganda for the idea of the “Ideal citizen”

Dictator

a temporary magistrate with extraordinary powers, nominated by one of two consuls on the recommendation of the Senate and confirmed by the Comitia Curiata (a popular assembly).

Punic Wars

Three punic wars, would be later looked at as the defining moment for Roman power through Exempla’s, War between Roman Republic and Carthage (Punic) empire, Rome won all punic wars

Scipio Africanus (Person)

Cornelius Scipio was a great military general and played a main role in the Second Punic War on the side of Rome

Hannibal (Person)

Carthage general, responsible for invading Italy forcing rome to fight, died in the second punic war

Triumph

Ritual procession that was the highest honor bestowed upon a victorious general in the ancient Roman Republic

Vestal Virgins

Priestesses of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth, they would supervise the hearth of Vesta in the forum. Some were sacrificed during the battle of Cannae.

Magna Mater (Cult)

A mystery cult that was introduced to Rome near the end of the second Punic War, a response to meteor showers, crop failures and famine in 205 BCE, Rome attributed their victory to the patron goddess Cybele (the “Great Mother”) partially.

Fall of Carthage

The Romans sacked, demolished, and finally conquered Carthage in 146 BCE.

Fall of Corinth

Captured 146 BCE after Rome defeated the Achaean League.

Mos Maiorum

The mos Maiorum is the unwritten code from which the ancient Romans derived their social norms

The Gracchi

Tiberius and Gaius are brothers

Senatus Consultum Ultimum (SCU)

The power (supported by the senate) of magistrates to disregard Roman laws for emrgencys’s

novus homo

New man, for the first man of a family to reach the senate, where he normally remained a “small senator” ex: Cicero

dictator for the restoration of the republic

Part of the sulla reforms enacted by the dictator Sulla, Making dictatorship last longer until the republic is restored

“The First Triumvirate”

An informal alliance formed in the senate containing Pompey, Crassus and, Caesar, They used their power to ratify Pompey’s eastern victories and get Caesar elected as Consul (60 BCE)

Cicero (Person)

Invited to the Triumvirate but declined, well known politician

Rubicon

Caesar Crossed a river between Rome and its provinces, looked at as a simple for no return (Taking power for himself?) (49 BCE)

Cleopatra VII (Person)

Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, its last ruler. She was a lover of Mark Antony’s. After her death, Egypt became part of the Roman Empire.

Clementia

The virtue mercy for enemies, Caesar for example valued clementia, therefore he spared the people he conquered.

Dictator perpetuo

Was granted to Caesar by the senate shortly before his death, the role allowed him to be a dictator forever, (Feb, 44 BCE)

Second Triumvirate

Created after Caesar's death giving power to Antony (East), Octavion (West), and, Lepidus (Africa) (Nov, 43 BCE)

Philippi (Battle)

Battle where Octavian and Antony killed the leaders of Caesars Assaiantion (42 BCE)

Actium (Battle)

Antony vs Octavian for sole power, Octavian won (31 BCE)

Deification

Treating a mortal as a god, happened to Caesar and Augustus after there respected deaths

Augustus

Adopted son of Caesar formally known as Octavian, The first and most successful Roman Emperor of all time, Ruled from 27 BCE to 14 AD

Princeps

Official title of Roman Emperor, Means first among people in the Senate

Praetorian Guard

Guards for high ranking political officials, protected emperors, senators ect

Military standards

Emblems adopted by units of the Roman army

Tiberius (Person)

Second Roman Emperor, Step son of Augustus, Left Rome rich after his rule, Retreated to Capri for “Retirement” (Ruled from 14 - 37 CE)

Caligula (Person)

Third Roman Emperor, known for being crazy and tyrannical, Had a short rule (37 - 41 CE)

Claudius (Person)

Fourth Roman Emperor, came into power old at 40, Stable rule (expanded territory), Reasonably popular, Ruled from (41. - 55 CE)

Nero (Person)

Adopted son of Claudius. He murdered his mother and caused the Great Fire of Rome. He committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the senate. (54 68 CE)

Suetonius (Person)

Roman author in the early empire His most important surviving work is a set of biographies of 12 successive Roman rulers from Julius Caesar to Domitian,

Imperial cult

The worship of past emperors.

Great Fire of Rome

Happened during the start of Nero’s Rule, Nero intentionally burned down half of Rome in a great fire to create land

Year of Four Emperors

Struggle for power after Nero’s death

Law on Vespasian’s Imperium

“[that he can make war] or a treaty with whomever he wishes.” “And that he can summon a meeting of the senate, make a motion or refer a matter and hold a vote on it by division.”

Damnatio memoriae

It means that a person's existence should be cut out of history. happened to NERO

Flavians

The Flavian emperors ruled between 69 - 96 CE

Adoptive Emperors

selected for their competence, rather than through hereditary succession ruled from 96 - 192 CE

Severan Dynasty empire

series of military campaigns and ambitious building projects, as well as significant economic policies that would have lasting effects on the Roman Empire (193 -235 CE)

Historia Augusta

Late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors.

Constitutio Antoniniana

212 CE the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, better known as Caracalla, took steps to make all male residents of the empire full citizens,

Third Century Crisis

The period in the history of the Roman Empire during which it splintered into three separate political entities: the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire, and the Palmyrene Empire.

Diocletian (Person)

Possible son of freedman, Responsible for the empire being split up, Had a two person rule with Maximan, The Tetrarchy (Rule of 4)

Tetrarchy

Four emperors had a quarter of rome, Implemented by Diocletian, Made to recover from the Third Century Crisis

The Dominate

The despotic form of imperial government of the late Roman Empire. It followed the earlier period known as the Principate. Until the empire was reunited in 313, this phase is more often called the Tetrarchy.

Constantine (Person)

Became a sole ruler, Characterized as the first christian emperor, Stabilized the economy, Long rule (306

Late Antiquity

Characterized by art, culture, period of rapid change (3rd to 7th cen)

Romulus Augustulus (Person)

Child emperor, The last western emperor (475 476 CE)

Sack of Rome

410 CE by the Goths. This lead to the belief that the Roman Empire’s decline was due to Christianity. Rome was no longer the administrative capital of the Western Roman Empire, having been replaced in that position first by Mediolanum in 286 and then by Ravenna in 402

Justinian (Person)

Emperor in the East (Byzantine Emperor), Advocate of Christian religion, especially later in life Massive plague in his rule beginning in 542 CE, (527,, reorganized the administration of the imperial government and outlawed the suffragia, or sale of provincial governorship

Byzantine Empire

Byzantine civilization blended Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature preservation of Greek and Roman civilization during the Middle Ages