Advanced Higher Chemistry Definitions

Definition and Remembering Questions

Transition Metals

Are metals with an incomplete d subshell in at least one of their ions.

Aufbau Principle

What are exceptions to the Aufbau Principle

Why are Cr and Cu exceptions to the Aufbau Principle.

This is due to special stability associated with all the d orbitals being half filled or completely filled.

What is the oxidisation state of the Oxygen when Oxide is contained in the name of the compound.

O=-2

What is the Oxidisation State of H when bonded to a non metal.

H=+1

What is the Oxidisation State of H when bonded to a metal.

H=-1

Dative Covalent Bond

A covalent  bond when both electrons are donated  by the same atom.

Ligands

They may be negative ions or molecules with non-bonding electron pairs.  They donate these non-bonding electron pairs to the central metal atom/ion forming dative covalent bonds.

Coordination Number

The total number of bonds from the ligands to the central transition metal ion/atom.

Pauli Exclusion Principle

States that no two electrons in one atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Degenerate Orbitals

Orbitals with the same energy.

Bonding Pairs

Pairs of electrons shared between two atoms that form a covalent bond.

Non-bonding Pairs

Pairs of electrons attached to one atom only that are not involved in covalent bonding.

Amphoteric Substance

A substance that can both react as an acid and a base.

Strong Acids Examples

• Hydrochloric Acid

• Nitric Acid

• Sulfuric Acid

Strong Bases Examples

Any soluble metal hydroxides.