History Spring Final

Conscription

military draft

Militarism

the reliance on military strength and the belief that the military can be used for diplomacy

Alliances

a union or association formed for mutual benefit, especially between countries or organizations

Industrialization

the development of industries in a countries or region on a wide scale

Nationalism

the unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

Propaganda

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause and tries to connect with emotions

Stalemate

a situation in which further action or progress by opposing or competing parties seems impossible (e.g. Germany and opposition)

Western Front

area of combat between Germany and France (more stalemate and trench warfare)

Eastern Front

area of combat between Germany and Russia (more fluid)

Mobilization

the process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

The heir to the hapsburg throne of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated by Gavrilo Princep in 1914

Schlieffen Plan

a plan by German General Alfred von Schlieffen to fight a two front war against France and Russia. They would fight France first and cut through Belgium. After defeating France, they would fight Russia

Kaiser Wilhelm

Last German emperor and King of Prussia form 1888 to his abdication in 1918, making the end of the German Empire. Big person in Mad Scramble for Africa

MAIN

Causes for WWI

• Militarism

• Alliances

• Imperialism

• Nationalism

Allies (alliance)

Alliance of France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan. Against Central Powers. WWI

Central Powers (Alliance)

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. Against Allies. WWI

War of attrition

a war based on wearing down the other side with constant attacks and heavy losses, such as in WWI

Trench warfare

fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire, such as in WWI

Armenian genocide

the genocide (killing of a racial, political, or cultural group) of the armenian people in 1915 when the Ottoman government accused Armenians of supporting the Russians.

Armistice

an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time

Reparations

a payment made to the victor by the vanquished to cover the costs of war

Treaty of Versailles

the primary treaty produced by the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I signed on June 28, 1919.

Placed harsh reparations on Germany

• Lost land, air force, and money, their military and weapons were limited, and the navy limited

• Gave up Alsace Lorraine

• Lost Poland + other land

  • Demilitarized Rhineland (area between Germany and France. Very industrial and valuable)

League of Nations

The first worldwide intergovernmental organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference following WWI. Founded by Woodrow Wilson. The first members were the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. More were added later

Self-determination

The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. Supported by Woodrow Wilson

Mandate System

A system in which territories are temporarily governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations (Mainly Ottoman and German empires)

Czar Nicholas II

(Romanov) The autocratic ruler of Russia and the last emperor (1894-1917). He abdicated his throne during the Russian Revolution. His rule was heavily influenced by Rasputin and Rasputin’s influence on his wife.

Rasputin

A Russian mystic who had a great influence on Czar’s wife, Alexandria. She consulted him before all major decisions (rumored). He contributed to the downfall of the Romanovs.

“Peace, Land, Bread”

The slogan of the Bolsheviks. It encapsulated the demands of the Russian people: and end to WWI, food, and agrarian reform. It was used in strikes by women in Petrograd.

Duma

The Russian legislative assembly

Soviets

Russian councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Lenin

the leader of the Bolsheviks. He led them to promote violent revolution, which they believed was the only way to destroy the capitalist system. He was sent by Germany back to Russia in 1917 to cause chaos.

During the civil war in Russia, he followed a policy of war communism. After the war, peasants began sabotaging the communist party by hoarding food. Drought caused famine. Peasants were unhappy, which allowed Stalin’s takeover

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Social Democrats (Marxist). They contributed to the Russian Revolution. They wanted a socialist and proletarian government and to establish a soviet state

Socialists

People who support society (usually governments) owning and controlling the means of production

Red Army

The Communist army in the Russian Revolution. They defended the Bolshevik/communist government. They were well organized because Leon Trotsky enforced strict discipline (through threat of execution).

White Army

The anti-communist army in the Russian Revolution. They were Czar loyalists, liberal, and anti-Leninist socialists and supported the allies. They were disorganized due to having differing views.

Leon Trotsky

He played a big role in the Russian Revolution. He was the commander/commissioner of war for the Red Army. He was a harsh, but efficient commander, but was eventually expelled from the Communist Party by Stalin.

War Communism

During WWII Russia, the government controlled the banks and industries, took grain from peasants and centralized state administration under Communist control.

Red Terror

When the red secret police aimed to destroy all who opposed the new regime. It added fear to support the Communist regime.

Isolationists

a policy of national isolation by absentation from alliances and other international political and economic relations.

Inflation

a rapid increase in prices

Depression

a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment (not big sad but it kinda is big sad)

Collective Bargaining

the right of unions to negotiate with employers over wages and hours

Deficit spending

when a government pays out more money than it takes in through taxation and other revenues, thus going into debt

New Deal

Roosevelt’s policy of active governmental economic intervention to restore capitalism.

Franklin Roosevelt

an American statesman and politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. Served after WWI, combatted Great Depression. Most known for New Deal during the Great Depression and getting America through it

Sun Yat-Sen

Nationalist party. A world-renowned revolutionary who devoted his entire life to overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and setting up the Republic of China. “Father of the Nation”. Later replaced by Chiang Kai-Shek

Nationalists vs Communists

• Originally an alliance against imperialist powers, warlords, and Japan.

• The alliance ended with the Shanghai massacre (Nationalists killed Communists in Shanghai)

• The CCP fled to the provinces to Mao

  • Nationalists attacked Mao’s stronghold in the Jiangxi province, blockading them. The CCP broke through, leading to the Long March (1934-1936), where many Communists died. (9k out of 90k survived)

Chiang Kai-shek

The leader of the Nationalist Party after Sun Yet-sen. He was against communism and wanted to industrialize and reunify China.

Mao Zedong

Lived 1893-1976. The founding chairman of the People’s Republic of China and a member of the CCP (later leader). He believed that the communist revolution would be driven by peasants (not industrial workers)

The Long March

When Mao Zedong’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) broke through the Nationalist blockade. The wanted to cross Chiang Jiang. They eventually reached safety in the Northern China hills. Only 9k of 90k survived. They were hailed as leaders and the Long March left only Mao as the leader of the CCP

Redistribution of Wealth

The shifting of wealth from a rich minority, to a poor majority

The Four Families

the four families in China who held most of the wealth. (Under Chiang’s gov’t they still kept their wealth, leading to the end of Chiang’s gov’t because people were unhappy)

Totalitarian state

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens

Fascism

a political philosophy that glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler

Bundle of Reeds (where we get the name fascism from). Each reed is weak by itself, but if they’re all uniform and get tied together, they’re stronger. Shows how fascism emphasizes the state over individuals and discourages individualism

Benito Mussolini

(Italy) The creator of the first European fascist movement in Italy. He originally was a socialist, but later created the League of Combat. People liked Fascism because Mussolini used the middle class’ fear of socialism, communism, and disorder. He threatened Rome to give him power or else he would march on the city with his army. Rome agreed and he became prime minister and used his power to establish a fascist dictatorship.

He took complete control of Italy. He used a secret police (OVRA) and outlawed other political parties to maintain his power. Mass media was controlled and used as propaganda to support his rule. They also created Fascist youth programs

Hitler was inspired by him. (so fun)

Stalin

(USSR) Stalin removed Leon Trotsky and other Bolsheviks from the communist party and the government. He established a dictatorship and limited the freedom of the press, preventing criticism of him. He used propaganda to portray himself as heroic and promised to industrialize Russia. He violated human rights by sending people who resisted his rule to forced labor camps. People were often publicly shamed.

Implemented the Five Year Plan (economic goals)

Five Year Plans

Stalin’s economic goals for five-year periods. He planned to transition Russia from an agricultural to industrial country. He had Russia focus on the production of military and capital goods. It had negative repercussions socially and negatively due to it being so rushed.

Great Purge

A time when Stalin expelled several people from Soviet life. People were publicly shamed in fake trials to show assumed guilt, rather than to determine innocence. People in Soviet society that were affected included army officers, diplomats, union officials, intellectuals, artists, engineers, non-Russians, Jews, members of the Communist Party suspected of disloyalty, and ordinary citizens. About 8 million were arrested and sent to Gulags and others were executed.

Collectivization

a system in which private farms are eliminated and peasants work land owned by the government

Hitler & Nazi Germany

(don’t ask why im writing a whole essay)

Hitler transformed Germany into an authoritarian state and was partially inspired by Mussolini in Italy. His ideas were based on racism, especially anti-semitism and nationalism, which he used through propaganda and fear. He first was working under the German Workers Party after serving four years on the Western Front in WWI. He took control of the party in 1921 and renamed in to the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI for short in german). His party grew in militia (stormtroopers). After a failed uprising, he wrote Mein Kampf in prison. After leaving prison, he expanded his party and promised a new, nationalistic, militaristic party. His party took most of the power in the government. In 1933, President Heinburg allowed Hitler to be chancellor and to create a new government. The Enabling Act allowed him to ignore the constitution for four years to fix the country, allowing him to be a dictator.

Under his rule, Hitler used a secret police, terror, economics, propaganda, women’s roles, anti-semitic policies, and culture and leisure to create a nazi state. Employment went up, meaning Hitler got more support. Radio and movies were used to push political agendas.

Mein Kampf

An account of Hitler’s movement and its basic ideas written while he was in prison. (Translates to My Struggle)

Concentration camps

A camp where prisoners of war, political prisoners, or members of minority groups are confined, typically under harsh conditions.

Aryan Race

a term used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages; Nazis misused the term, treating it as a racial designation and identifying the Aryans with the ancient Greek and Romans and twentieth-century Germans and Scandinavians.

Anti-semitism

hostility or prejudice against Jewish people

Star of David

a symbol of Judaism. Jews were required to wear it during the Nazi regime to identify them as Jews.

Kristallnacht

November 9, 1938. “Night of Shattered Glass”. Nazis burned synagogues and destroyed about 7k Jewish businesses in Germany, Austria, and Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Following this, 30k Jewish males were arrested and sent to concentration camps. They were barred from public transportation and buildings. They couldn’t own, manage, or work at a retail store. They were encouraged to emigrate from Germany.

Demilitarized

elimination or prohibition of weapons, fortifications, and other military instillations (e.g. in Germany’s Rhineland)

Appeasement

Satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability (Munich conference. US and Britain appeasing Germany)

Annex (anschluss)

to incorporate into an existing political unit, such as a city or country

Munich conference

Conference in Munich where British, French, German, and Italian representatives didn’t object to Hitler’s plans but instead reached an agreement that met most of Hitler’s demands. German troops were allowed to occupy the Sudetenland.

Neville Chamberlain

British prime minister during WWII. Appeased Hitler. After returning from Munich, he boasted that the agreement meant “peace in our time”.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

August 28, 1939. Germany and Soviet Union signed it and promised not to attack each other. Hitler made this alliance because he worried that the West and the Soviet Union would make an alliance, meaning a two-front war for Germany.

Isolationism

a policy of national isolation by absentation from alliances and other international political and economic relations.

Neutrality acts

Acts that prevented the US from taking sides or becoming involved in any European wars.

Neutrality: the refusal to take sides or become involved in wars between other nations

Pearl Harbor

A US naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by Japan in December 7, 1941. Devastating loses. It was what made the US join the war, although Japan thought the attack would destroy the US fleet in the pacific, stopping them from joining the war. The event only unified US opinion to join the war. Hitler declared war on the US four days after Pearl Harbor because they thought that the US would be ineffective in the European theater of war.

Axis Powers

Germany, Japan, Italy

European Theater

The stuff going on in Europe during WW2 (idk what to put here)

Asian Theater

The stuff going in Asia during WW2 (idk what to put here)

D-day

In 1944 when the Allies invaded France from Great Britain. It was led by US General Dwight D Eisenhower. Naval, land, and air invasion. Germany thought it was a diversion, so their response was slow. They liberated Paris in August 1994. It was the largest amphibious invasion ever.

Island hopping

The US military strategy to bypass some islands to reach key Japanese islands during WW2

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two major cities in Japan that were bombed by the US with an atomic weapon. Both cities were leveled and more than 200k died.d It led to the unconditional surrender of the Japanese Emperor

Holocaust

the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Germans called this “the final solution to the Jewish question.”

Genocide

the deliberate mass murder of physical extinction of a particular racial, political, or cultural group

Death Camps & Auschwitz

Concentration camps where many Jews were moved to during WW2. Many died there or where executed. Auschwitz was one of the most well known, as the most Jews died there

Collaborators

a person who assists the enemy (usually in a negative way. e.g. people helping Nazis during WW2)

Truman doctrine

1947. The idea that the US would provide money to countries threatened by communism expansion. US thought that the spread of communism was caused by economic struggles. (This made the USSR think that the US was trying to spread capitalism)

Marshall Plan

A plan that would provide countries with financial aid. It supplied about $13 billion to rebuild Europe after WWII. It’s the Truman Doctrine put into action

Satellite states

a country that is economically and politically dependent on another country

Policy of containment

a plan to keep something, such as Communism, within its existing geographical boundaries and preventing further aggressive moves.

Berlin Blockade

Berlin was divided into four parts controlled by Britain, France, the USA, and the USSR. Britain, France, and the USA combined their parts into West Berlin and USSR’s part became East Berlin. (Also West = Federal Republic of Germany and East = German Democratic Republic) A wall was put up around West Berlin to blockade it, blocking food and aid from coming in. This was done so the USSR could have economic control over Berlin and stop the West from creating a seperate Western German state. The blockade ended in 1949 because the USSR didn’t want war.

It increased tensions between the USSR and US.

NATO vs Warsaw pact

Both are alliances between countries where they agree that if one of them is attacked, the rest will defend them.

NATO is the Western powers. Made of Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Netherlands, Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, USA, and Canada. Later Turkey and Greece joined. Established April 1949

Warsaw Pact is the Eastern powers. Made of the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Established 1955 in response to NATO

Arms race

building up armies and stores of weapons to keep up with an enemy

Nuclear weapons

a weapon whose destructive power comes from a nuclear reaction (breaks up molecules)

Deterrence

US and Soviet policies of holding huge arsenals of nuclear weapons to prevent war; each nation believed that neither would launch a nuclear strike since both knew that the other side would strike back with devastating power

Berlin Wall

A massive wall built by Soviets which separated Berlin into East and West, and it prevented Eastern Berliners from fleeing to Western Berlin. It was 15 feet high, had barbed wire, and machine guns

Proxy wars

A war in which the powers in conflict use third parties as substitutes instead of fighting each other directly.

Korean War

There were/are tensions between the Communist/Soviet North and the South.

It was a proxy was between the North supported by the Soviets and China and the South supported by the USA and UN. It confirmed the US’s suspicions of a Communist expansion. An armistice was signed in 1953, although the war never really ended. The 38th parallel still divides North and South Korea.

Cuban Missile Crisis

It happened when missiles were placed in Cuba by Khrushchev (Soviet) in case the US invaded Cuba and to counteract the US nuclear missiles in Turkey. The US missiles were placed in Turkey after a Soviet regime was set up by Fidel Castro, and it almost caused nuclear was between the USA and Soviets.

Khruschev

A Soviet officer who placed missiles in Cuba. He later removed them after speaking with JFK and agreed to remove missiles in exchange for the US to not invade Cuba. Stepped down in 1964

Vietnam War

A proxy was between the USSR and US. They wanted independence from France like other southeast Asian countries. The independence movement was led by the Communist party in Vietnam. They gained power in most of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh was the president of the party. France reseized the south, dividing vietnam into the north and south. The Geneva Peace Accords were signed, splitting Vietnam into the communist North and the non-communist South. Elections failed to have one leader of the country, leading to conflict. THe US sent troops to keep out the Communists because they thought that if Vietnam became communist, other asian countries would too. The USA withdrew after their defeat and anti-war protests.