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Reproductive Life
Refers to the entire period in which an individual is biologically capable of reproduction, from puberty through the end of their reproductive years.
Fertilization
A process where a sperm cell unites with an egg cell to form a Zygote.
ovulation
sperm journey
capacitation
acrosome reaction
fusion
zygote formation
6 process of fertilization
Fertilization
Humans have 23,000 genes and 23 paired chromosomes. Upon _____, the newly conceived zygote contains 23 pairs of chromosomes - one each pair coming from each parent.
Ovulation
An egg is released from the ovary and travels through the fallopian tube.
Sperm Journey
Sperm cells are ejaculated into the vagina and swim upwards towards the fallopian tubes.
Capacitation
Sperm undergo physiological changes that enhance their ability to penetrate the egg.
Acrosome Reaction
Enzymes released from the sperm's acrosome help to break down the outer layers of the egg.
Fusion
Once a sperm penetrates the egg, their membranes fuse, allowing the sperm nucleus to enter the egg.
Zygote Formation
The genetic material from both parents combines, forming a diploid zygote.
Cleavage
The zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions (cleavage) as it travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus
Cleavage
These divisions result in a multicellular structure called a morula.
Blastocyst Formation
The morula develops into a blastocyst characterized by a hollow structure with an inner cell mass (which will become the embryo) and an outer layer (trophoblast, which will form the placenta).
Blastocyst Formation
This occurs about 5-6 days post-fertilization.
Implantation
The blastocyst implants into the uterine lining (endometrium)
Implantation
This is crucial for establishing a connection with the mother's blood supply, enabling nutrient and waste exchange.
Germ Layer Formation
The inner cell mass differentiates into three primary germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
3 germ layers
Ectoderm
Develops into the nervous system and skin.
Mesoderm
Forms muscles, bones, and cardiovascular systems.
Endoderm
Develops into internal organs like the lungs and digestive tract.
Organogenesis
Major organs begin to form between weeks 3 and 8 of gestation.
Organogenesis
This period is critical as the embryo is most susceptible to environmental influences.
Gonads
the primary reproductive organs responsible for producing sex cells and hormones
male gonads: testes
female gonads: ovaries
2 types of gonads
Male Gonads: Testes
Primary male reproductive organs.
Male Gonads: Testes
They are located in the scrotum.
Sperm Production
Hormone Production
2 Essential Functions of Testes
Female Gonads: Ovaries
The female reproductive organs.
Female Gonads: Ovaries
Located in the pelvic cavity.
Egg Production
Hormone Production
2 Essential Functions of Ovaries
Transition to Fetus
After the eighth week, the developing human is referred to as a fetus.
Transition to Fetus
Significant growth and maturation of tissues and organs occur.
Birth
A process by which a new human life is brought into the world.
Birth
It is a complex and often emotional event that marks the end of pregnancy.
Labor
Delivery
Placenta Delivery
3 Stages of Birth
Labor
The cervix, the opening to the uterus begins to dilate.
Delivery
Once the cervix is fully dilated, the baby is pushed out of the birth canal.
Delivery
This can be a natural process or assisted by medical interventions.
Placenta Delivery
After the baby is born, the placenta is delivered.
vaginal birth
cesarean section
2 types of delivery
Vaginal Birth
The most common type of birth, where the baby is delivered through the vagina
Cesarean Section
A surgical procedure where the baby is delivered through the incision in the mother’s abdomen.
Labor
Characterized by contractions of the uterus that gradually become more intense and frequent.
ovum
ovulation to fertilization
zygote
fertilization to implantation
embryo
implantation to 5-8 weeks
fetus
5-8 weeks to birth
Note 
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