Anatomy - Test 3

Site of bone elongation and growth

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

Fibrocartilage

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

Hormone synthesis

Which is not a function of bone?

Red bone marrow

Where does hemopoiesis occur?

Calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for

Long

The bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges) are categorized as \_____ bones.

Short

The bones of the wrist are classified as \_____ bones.

Metaphysis

Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate?

Distal epiphysis.

The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the

Endosteum

What is the thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity of a long bone?

True

Neither short nor flat bones contain a medullary cavity.

False

In adults, the medullary cavities of most long bones contain red marrow.

Osteoblast

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

Osteoclast

Osteoclast

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

Chondroblasts

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

- Gravity
- Mechanical stress
- Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels
- Blood calcium levels

As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,

Osteoblasts become osteocytes

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

Concentric lamellae

Hyaline cartilage contains a \______ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called \________.

High; lacunae

Which is NOT correct about spongy bone?

It is composed of tubular units called osteons

What is true about spongy bone?

- Its spaces hold red bone marrow.
- It is located deep to compact bone.
- It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

True

Mature cartilage is avascular

Endochondral ossification

The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed

Mesenchyme

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within

- Cartilage model develops
- Ossification center forms in the diaphysis
- Ossification centers form in the epiphyses
- Epiphyseal plates ossify

What is the correct chronological order for the following steps in the process of endochondral ossification?

Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity.

Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?

- It occurs throughout life.
- It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
- It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.

What is true about bone remodeling?

It occurs only at articular surfaces

Which is NOT true about bone remodeling?

Low

Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by \_______ levels of calcium in the blood

- Fracture hematoma forms
- Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone is remodeled

The process of bone repair includes these steps:

Supination

Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called

Ball and socket

Which joint is multiaxial?

Turning the sole of the foot laterally

The joint movement called eversion involves

Fibrous joint

The sagittal suture is a

Gomphoses

Are found only in tooth sockets...

Patella and the femur

In addition to the joint between the tibia and the femur, the knee contains a joint between the

False

A tendon sheath is a fat pad that fills the spaces that form when bones move

Synovial joint

An articular capsule is present in

Hyperextension

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond the anatomic position, the movement is referred to as

Pivot

The joint formed by the axis and atlas that permits the "no" shaking of the head is a \_____ joint.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called

Low mobility and high stability

A synarthrotic joint would have

A low level of stability but a wide range of motion.

The glenohumeral joint exhibits

Gliding movements

In general, the movements demonstrated at plane joints between the carpals are

A deeper bony socket and stronger supporting ligaments.

When compared to the shoulder, the hip joint has

Tibial tuberosity

The patellar ligament extends beyond the patella to the:

Nourishes osteocytes

FUNCTIONS:
- Removes wastes
- Lubricates articulating surfaces
- Acts as a cushion (shock absorber) to some extent

Which is not a function of synovial fluid?

All articulations contain some type of cartilage

Which is not correct regarding articulations?

Acetabular labrum

The rim of fibrocartilage that encloses the head of the femur is the

Uniaxial

Based on its range of motion, the elbow is classified as a(n) \__________ joint.

Dense regular connective tissue

In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by

Freely mobile

The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is

Iliofemoral ligament

Strong reinforcement for the anterior aspect of the hip joint is provided by the Y-shaped

True

Fibers from one motor unit are dispersped throughout most of the muscle

Enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased Ach breakdown.

A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in

Z disc

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one \_____ to the next adjacent \____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the

Aponeurosis

A flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n)

T-tubules

Invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the

False

Smooth muscle has sarcomeres.

Binding to receptors at the motor end plate.

Acetylcholine exerts its effect by

- Epimysium
- Perimysium
- Endomysium

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the most superficial?
A: Endomysium
B: Epimysium
C: Perimysium

I

Which letter is associated with the light band and contains thin filaments only?

Isometric

Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?

- Myofibrils
- Muscle fiber
- Fascicle
- Skeletal muscle

Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest?
A: Myofibrils
B: Muscle fiber
C: Fascicle
D: Skeletal muscle

Red and fatigue-resistant.

Oxidative fibers are

Sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin

For relaxation to occur,

Tendon

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a

A myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

A power stroke involves

False

Muscles that are used for precisely controlled movements generally contain large motor units.

Synaptic cleft

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the

True

During skeletal muscle fiber contraction, the I bands and H zones narrow.

False

In general, fast-twitch fibers generate less power than slow-twitch fibers.

A single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls.

A motor unit consists of

Fusion of the myoblasts

The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the

Extensibility

The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is

True

Compared to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers respond to a stimulus with less delay and with a shorter contraction duration.

Aerobic

The presence of mitochondria and myoglobin facilitate \_________ respiration in muscle cells.

Myosin

Which protein makes up the thick filaments?

Along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs

Oxygen

Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind

H

Which letter is associated with a zone (in a relaxed muscle) that is a little more lightly shaded because only thick filaments are present?

Intramembranous

___________________ ossification occurs when bone is formed directly from mesenchyme

Concentric

_____________ lamellae are found in the osteon circling the central canal.

Osteoblasts

Builds bone

Osteoclasts

Digests bone to release calcium into blood

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell that maintains bone matrix

Osteogenic cell

Become osteoblasts

Red marrow is located in:

\n The spaces between the trabeculae in spongy bone

False

The growth plate and the articular cartilage are made of fibrocartilage.

Both intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Bone is originally formed through the process of:

True

During intramembranous ossification, woven bone forms first before spongy and compact bone.

Osteoblasts build bone on the edges from the periosteum and osteoclasts work to expand the medullary cavity.

Appositional growth occurs when:

 Diaphysis

In endochondral ossication, the primary ossification center is located in the:

 Trabeculae

The narrow rods and plates found in spongy bone are called:

True

Osteoporosis can occur when osteoclasts are consistently reabsorbing bone faster than the osteoblasts build it.

Parathyroid hormone; osteoclasts

When blood calcium is low ________________ is released causing ______________ to be more active resulting in an increase in blood calcium levels.

Perichondrium

Dense irregular tissue surrounding the cartilage is referred to as:

True

Cartilage tends to lack a blood supply.

Bone

The effectors in the parathyroid hormone feedback loop are the