Unit 5: Industrial Revolution Test

Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid industrial development that began in England in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Western Europe, the United States, and the world

When did the Industrial Revolution start?

late 1700s through 1800s

enclosure movement

wealthy farming companies buy up all the family farms

What did the enclosure movement lead to?

bigger farms and more efficient farming

crop rotation

farming technology where farmers rotate crops to increase overall yield (production)

definition of land

geography and natural resources (coal, iron ore, rivers, wood)

definition of labor

people in the workforce (high population = more people)

capital

money (tools, machinery equipment → new inventions)

entrepreneurship

business owners to open businesses and government that is supportive of industry

textiles

fabrics or clothing

the Spinning Jenny

old invention to make thread from cotton

the Power Loom

elevated spinning Jenny: mass production of cloth by machine; modern invention; expensive (normal people could not afford); industrial and made for a factory

mechanization

the process of making things by machine

5 innovations of the I.R.

cotton gin, locomotive, sewing machine, typewriter, concrete

“Factory Time”

factories had tight schedules to encourage tasks more

Lack of Worker Rights

no government laws that supported workers

Child Labor

high demand because it’s cheap labor; caused injury/illness to children; abused

Wages for those working in factories

low pay - man = 10 shillings per week, woman = 5, child = 1

common diseases from factories

black lung, rise of cancer from pollution

Negatives of working in factories

Long hours with low wages, unsanitary, dangerous, heat, no breaks, ect.

positives of working in factories

Engineers paid well, Stable wages / income (more stable than agriculture), Rise through the ranks , Factory water powered (not contributing to pollution), ect

Rise of the Middle Class

growing number of people with money to spend on goods and leisure 

Bourgeoise

upper middle class

1800-1850

when parliament passed several laws regulating factory work

Capitalism

Economic and political system where industry is privately controlled for profit

Industrial Capitalism

form of capitalism that emerges from factories in Industrial Revolution

Division of Labor

one person does only one task

Assembly line

production moves down a line of workers

mass production

producing huge quantities of items

mercantilism

accumulation of wealth; more things out than in; powered by the government

Adam Smith

Considered the father of Capitalism (Economist); Wrote the Wealth of Nations

Free Enterprise Economy

business conducted free from government regulation

corperation

Group of people or a company that act as a single entit

Labor Unions

Associations of workers that collected dues, went on strike, and made collective demands of factory owners

Strike

large group of people who stop working in protest of wages and working conditions

Collective bargaining

when groups of employees are able to negotiate working conditions such as wage

Luddies

people who refuse to accept new technology; mad because machines took their jobs; would vandalize to show protest

Utilitarianism

philosophy that advocates that a morally right action does the most amount of good for the most people

Jeremy Bentham

Laws are useful if they benefit “greatest number of people”

John Stuart Mill

Rejected economic systems that left people in poverty

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles

What was the Communist Manifesto about?

solving the problems of capitalism

Another name for the working class

proletariat

Another name for factory owners

bourgeoisie

Socialism

a precursor to Communism where the Means of Production (resources for producing goods) are controlled by the government

Communism

a total collective ownership and the absence of all private property and government

Jethro Tull

iron plow and made farming much faster

domestic system

pre-1750; in house sewing (spinning jenny), high production costs and prices, low output and demand

james watt

inventor of the steam engine

interchangeable parts

components that are identical for practical purposes

laissez faire

"let do"; "hands off"; business without government intervention

invisisble hand

invisible force that controls business through markets