Phonetics - Exam 1

Open syllable

syllable ends with a vowel phoneme (no coda)(ex. baby)

Complex syllable

contains consonant sequences/clusters

Postvocalic

a consonant that follows a vowel in a syllable

Simple syllable

contains consonants that are singletons

Intervocalic

a consonant that is between two vowels in a word

Closed syllable

a syllable with a coda or consonant, ends in one or more consonants, closes the vocal tract to some degree (ex. doghouse)

Releasing/initiating

sound at the beginning of a syllable releases that syllable or begin that syllable (ex. hotel - h and t)

Arresting

sound at the end of a syllable arrests that syllable or stops the syllable; final position of a word (ex. hotel - l)

Prevocalic

a consonant that comes before a vowel in a syllable

Sequence

two or more consonant sounds produced next to each other in a word

Grapheme

a letter or group of letters used to represent one sound

Phonology

the sound system of a language

Language

a system of communication, a set of linguistic features

Vowel

sounds that contain the most acoustic energy because they are produced with a relatively open vocal tract are

Idiolect

unique way an individual speaks

Allograph

different letter sequences that represent the same sound

Phonotactic constraints

“rules” that define sound combinations in a language

Syllable

pulses or beats in a word, every syllable contains one vowel sound either alone or in combination with consonant sounds

What two components do syllables have?

onset and rime

Phonetics

the study of how speech sounds are percieved and produced

Phoneme (not interchangeable)

consonant and vowel sounds that make up the words in a language

Allophone

the varient pronunciations of a particular phoneme, does not change the meaning of the word

Consonants

produced with air moving through the vocal tract with some constriction or obstruction by the articulators

Dialect

a variety of a language that is produced by a group of speakers

Regional dialects

phonological and semantic features unique, geographical boundaries

Social dialects

based on social characteristics other than geography

Ethnic dialects

distinct form of a language spoken by members of a particular ethnic group

Diagraph

two graphemes representing one sound

Rime

subunit of a syllable that contains the nucleus/peak and coda

PhonologIcal awareness

ability to attend to the sound structure of the language apart from meaning

Phonemic awareness

individuals awareness and understanding of individual sounds in a word

Phonogram

written representation of the rime

Orthography

the writing system of a language

Orthographic awareness

what an individual knows about a language's writing system

Morpheme

smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

Lexicon

each word is a language made up of one or more morphemes

Free morphemes

morphemes that can stand alone

Bound morphemes

bound to other words/does not carry meaning when it stands alone

Morphemic transcription

written record of the morphemic content of an utterance;identification of meaningful units

Primary stress

highest degree of stress in an utterance

Secondary stress

second level stress; placed below and in front of the syllable that recieves secondary stress

Tertiary

third level of stress, lowest degree of stress in an utterance, weak syllable stress

Sonority

auditory force that sounds have upon the ear

Word stress

higher in pitch, higher in duration, slightly louder, greater intensity than the other syllables in the word

Maximum onset principle

word-medial consonant assigned to syllable that follows it - syllable releasing position or onset

Syllable structure

onset and rime, nucleus and coda

Number of consonants and vowels in “daughter”

2 consonants and 2 vowels

Syllable shape for finger

CVCCV

What is a simple syllable shape?

CVC

Which word indicates a complex syllable shape?

stop

Citation-form speech

single word, pronounced carefully

Casual-form speech

sounds articulated clearly but not over articulated

Minimal pairs/contrasts

words that vary by one phoneme to signal a meaning difference

Phonemic transcription

identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker’s language

Phonetic transcription

identification of the allophonic varients in a speaker’s pattern of sounds

Singleton

one consonant sound by a vowel in a word

Coarticulation

the result of speech sounds overlapping with each other during production

Regressive assimilation

modification of a phoneme due to the phoneme following it

Progressive assimilation

phoneme changed due to phoneme preceding it

Assimilation

the change that a sound undergoes when influenced by is sound environment

Branches of phonetics: Physiological/articulatory phonetics

studies the organs that produce speech and their function in producing speech sounds:

* oral cavity and tongue
* nasal cavity
* larynx and vocal folds
* respiration

Branches of phonetics: Acoustic phonetics (nature of speech sounds)

how sound waves travel through the air from speaker to listener, transmission/physical properties of speech sounds: frequency,intensity, duration

Branches of phonetics: Perceptual/auditory phonetics (how speech sounds are perceived)

focuses on elements that distinguish pairs of phoonemes pitch,loudness,percieved length, quality

Branches of phonetics: Applied phonetics

practical uses of this knowledge

Normative phonetics

setting good speech standards, norms for good or acceptable speech, broadcaster, anything that varies from the norm should be corrected

Linguistic phonetics

analysis of the sounds of language and rules used to combine sounds with other sounds

Resonance

occurs when air vibrates in the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities causing certain frequencies of vibration to be intensified or absorbed

What is the sound source for speech?

the larynx or constriction of articulators, it’s than shaped or filtered as it travels through the vocal tract

Oral cavity

* begins at the lips and continues to the oropharynx
* shape altered by the movements of the tongue, mandible, lips
* all sounds produced in the oral cavity except for nasals

Velopharyngeal port (open/nasal sounds)

opening between the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities; airflow travels from the laryngeal region up into the pharynx, where it can move into the oral and/or nasal cavities

Velopharyngeal port (closed/non nasal sounds)

* elevation and posterior movements of the velum
* some forward and medial movements of posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls

Major articulators

hard palate, lips, teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, soft palate, and mandible

Articulatory system

structures used to produce speech sounds, the process of articulation is movement; modify the breath stream to produce a phoneme

Articulators

oral structures that assist to change the vocal tract in order to form sounds

What sound is produced with the tongue?

lingual

Dorsum/body of the tongue

primary bulk or mass, superior surface-consists of front and back of the tongue; makes up anterior two thirds of tongue

Tip of tongue

called the apex, part visable when tongue protruded between the lips; highly mobile

* 50% of the consonant contacts made with the apex in average conversation

Root of the tongue

long segment and extends forming the front wall of the pharynx, important in shaping the vocal tract for vowel and consonant sounds

Lingual frenulum joins

inferior surface of tongue and mandible; assist in stabalizing the tongue during movement

Sounds associated with lips

/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/, /f/, /v/

Function in articulation for lips

opening and closing “pop” by rounding or protruding “you”

Dentition: teeth

* primary function: proccessing food before swallow
* speech sounds f, v, th
* dental or interdental phonemes

Labiodental

phonemes that involve lips and teeth

Alveolar ridge

houses the upper teeth, bony ridge behind the maxillary incisors and canine teeth

Alveolar phonemes

/t/, /d/, /l/, /s/, /z/

Velar phonemes

/k/, /g/, /ng/

Glottis

opening between the vocal folds

Mandible: jaw

lower jaw of the face; both a passive and active manner

Clinical phonetics

remediation of speech disorders; the study and transcription of aberrent speech behaviors

Semantics

meaning of utterances; words differ in meaning as one sound change occurs

Dialectology

study of cuases and characteristics of speech-sound differences in dialects

Comparative phonetics

comparison of the speech sounds of two or more languages

Ambisyllabic

a consonant sound crosses two syllables

Syllabication

segmenting words into syllables

Maximum onset principle

* helps with syllable division or syllabication
* states intervocalic consonants are assigned to the onsets of syllables
* states the medial consonant is assigned to the syllable that follows it

Maximum onset principle (exception)

consonants can only be placed as the onset that follow the phonology of the language

Speech perception

perception and processing of the speech/sound signals by the ear and brain; listening skills

Transcription

know phonetic symbols and accurately transcribe what is spoken into the phonetic symbols that represnet the spoken utterance

Classification

being able to describe the sounds you hear

Speech mechanism

structures involved in producing speech