AP Biology Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts for AP Biology final exam.

What term describes the round circular DNA that contains useful, but non-essential genes?

Plasmids

What is population dispersion?

How a population is organized within an ecosystem; can be clumped, uniform, or random.

In DNA replication, what structures are built on new templates in the lagging strand?

Okazaki fragments.

What term describes structures that have a similar feature due to a recent common ancestor?

Homologous structures.

Where does peristalsis occur in the digestive system?

Primarily in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Which bonds maintain the primary structure of a protein?

Peptide bonds.

What macromolecule makes up the nuclear envelope?

Lipids (phospholipids).

Which organelle adjusts and repackages products from the endoplasmic reticulum?

Golgi apparatus.

What is the source of extra ATP in the Calvin cycle?

Cyclic phosphorylation.

What is the color of a labrador retriever with the genotype bbEe?

Brown.

How many degrees of freedom would be used in a chi-squared analysis with 40 black squirrels and 30 brown squirrels?

1.

What also occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle aside from mitosis or meiosis?

Cytokinesis.

Where is the first tRNA located during translation?

P-site of the large ribosomal subunit.

What is formed between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA.

How do bacteria normally reproduce?

Binary fission.

Which traits are examples of polygenic inheritance?

Skin color, eye color, hair color, hair type, height, etc.

Which process produces the most ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation.

What happens during meiosis 1?

Homologous chromosomes combine to form tetrads.

Which enzyme unzips the DNA during replication?

Helicase.

What is true of both starch and cellulose?

They are both polymers of glucose.

What is a ribozyme?

A type of RNA molecule that possesses catalytic activity.

What are the end products of glycolysis aside from ATP?

PGAL, NADH, and Pyruvate.

Which technique is used to sequence DNA?

Sanger’s method.

What captures light for photosynthesis?

Antenna complex.

What type of genetic pattern do snapdragons exhibit?

Incomplete dominance.

Which organelle has a 9+2 structure?

Cilia and flagella.

Which structure cuts out introns during DNA processing?

sNRP’s through RNA splicing.

What is found in all steroid molecules?

Four linked carbon rings.

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Form DNA from RNA template.

Where does NADPH required for the Calvin cycle come from?

Light dependent reaction.

What is the significance of the TATA box in eukaryotic promoters?

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region.

What is facilitated diffusion?

When a charged particle moves from high to low concentration through a channel protein.

What type of membrane protein does not span the entire thickness?

Peripheral membrane protein.

What type of succession involves the colonization of a new habitat?

Primary succession.

What prevents DNA from forming supercoils during replication?

Topoisomerases.

Which functional group is represented in the image above?

Carboxyl group.

Which metabolic pathway requires a proton gradient?

Chemiosmosis + oxidative phosphorylation.

What is the frequency of homozygous individuals for allele a in Hardy-Weinberg?

0.09.

Which process is anaerobic?

Glycolysis.

Between which genes would you expect the highest frequency of recombination?

Between A and G.

What term describes when bacteria take DNA from the surrounding environment?

Transformation.

What does photorespiration occur when rubisco combines RuBP with?

O2.

Why did all white-eyed flies in Morgan’s experiment show male?

The gene is on the X chromosome.

What does the competitive exclusion principle state?

No two species with the same niche can occupy the same habitat without local extinction.

In CRISPR, what carries both crispr RNA and tracr RNA?

CAS proteins.

During which phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S Phase.

If DNA samples contain 15% adenine, what is the percentage of cytosine?

35% (A=T, C=G).

What term describes the primitive nutrient-rich ocean on early Earth?

Primordial sea.

What belief did LaMarck hold?

Species could not go extinct.

Which functional group prevents prokaryotic cells from cutting their own DNA?

Methyl group.

What is formed during the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle?

2 PGA.

What is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Ribosomes.

In a G protein coupled reaction, what does the alpha subunit exchange?

GDP for GTP.

What determines which biome is seen in an area?

Precipitation and temperature.

What does p^2 represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.

What type of bond is seen in a single water molecule?

Polar covalent bond.

How many FADH2 are produced in the Krebs cycle per pyruvate?

1.

What prevents a gene from being expressed via histone proteins and methylation?

Epigenetics.

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of PS2?

None of the above.

What structure helps tuna and white sharks retain heat?

Rate mirabile.

Which genetic pattern describes color blindness in humans?

Sex-linked inheritance.

What term describes the maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions?

Biotic potential.

What is another name for the signal molecule in a G coupled protein reaction?

Ligand.

What describes the evolutionary relationship between species?

Molecular biology.

What binds to a stop codon during translation?

Release factor.

What is NOT a tip for taking the AP biology test suggested by Albert.io?

Know how to produce a standard lab report.

What function does tracrRNA serve in the CRISPR system?

Stabilize the system.

What term describes an organism that maintains its body temperature through metabolism?

Endothermic.

Who produced pluripotent stem cells from specialized skin cells?

None of the above.

Who discovered the alpha helix structure of proteins?

Pauling.

What is NOT true about mitosis?

The nuclear envelope disappears completely.

Who hypothesized that simple molecules could form on early Earth?

Haldane.

Where can G proteins be found in eukaryotic cells?

Plasma membrane.

What type of DNA are SSR and STR examples of?

Repetitive DNA sequences.

In a normally distributed data set, what percentage lies within two standard deviations?

95%.

What bonds to the regulatory portions of the protein kinase in the G coupled protein signal transduction pathway?

cAMP.

Which contains an operon?

None of the above (operons in eukaryotic cells).

What is NOT true about meiosis?

It does not contain prometaphase.

During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes move to opposite poles?

Anaphase.

Why is an energy pyramid pyramid shaped?

Most energy is used by organisms; diminishes as it goes up.

What term describes the structure that connects sister chromatids in a chromosome?

Centromere.

What type of mimicry exists where a harmless species mimics harmful species?

Batesian mimicry.

What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross between heterozygous individuals?

9:3:3:1.

What statistic is calculated by dividing the square root of the number of samples into the standard deviation?

Standard error.

What statistic describes the spread of a data set around the mean?

Standard deviation.

Which protein prevents template strands from reattaching during DNA replication?

SSBP (single strand binding proteins).

Which statistic is used for error bars?

Standard error.

What is a correct monomer/polymer pairing?

Amino acid + polypeptide.

What genetic pattern occurs when a genotype causes multiple phenotypes?

Pleiotropy.

What term describes the stable community after succession?

Climax community.

What do grazers eat?

Grass.

What term describes an organism that harms another by placing their larvae into them?

Parasitoid.

What is termed during action potential when too many K+ leave the neuron?

Repolarization.

Which compound is found in the electron transport chain of photosystem 2?

Plastocyanin.

What is not true about K-selected species?

They experience exponential growth; they actually experience logistic growth.

What definition of species would a scientist use if two populations hunt similarly but one is yellow?

Ecological.

What term on a cladogram describes the point where organisms divide into species?

Node.

What true statement exists about classes in a phylum?

There are many classes in a phylum.

What is the probability that offspring from a heterozygous and homozygous tall pea plant will be short?

0%.

Which organisms typically reproduce through parthenogenesis?

Ants.