AP hug - Unit 3 ( part 2 )

What is the primary distinction between universalizing and ethnic religions?

Universalizing religions seek converts and have a broad appeal, while ethnic religions are tied to a specific culture and do not seek converts.

Name the three main branches of Christianity.

Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox.

What is the significance of the Star of David in Judaism?

It is a symbol used to identify synagogues.

What are the houses of worship for Islam called?

Mosques.

How do Christians typically bury their dead?

In cemeteries.

What is the primary purpose of a Mandir in Hinduism?

It serves as a communal house of worship.

What is the traditional practice regarding the dead in Hinduism?

Hindus traditionally cremate the dead as part of their last rites.

How do Buddhists typically treat their dead?

Buddhists traditionally cremate the dead, although some choose burial.

What is a Stupa in Buddhism?

A structure built to house relics of Buddha or copies of his teachings.

What are the characteristics of Roman Catholic churches?

They tend to be ornate in design.

What is the role of missionaries in the spread of universalizing religions?

Missionaries help to diffuse the religion widely.

What is Shamanism?

A belief system that follows a healer or visionary, often found in isolated groups.

What does animism believe regarding nature?

Animism holds that objects in nature possess spirits.

What is a syncretic religion?

A blending of two or more religious belief systems into a new one.

What is the main focus of Confucianism?

It encourages correct behavior and respect for traditions.

What is Jainism known for?

Its emphasis on nonviolence.

How do ethnic religions typically spread?

They spread through cultural diffusion rather than active conversion efforts.

What is the impact of religion on calendars and holidays?

Religions often influence the creation of calendars and the observance of holidays.

What is the significance of architecture in religious practices?

Architecture reflects the beliefs and cultural values of the religion.

How can religion influence nationalism?

Religion can shape cultural identity and influence political movements, especially in non-Westernized countries.

What is the relationship between language and religion in certain regions?

Religion often overlaps with language, influencing cultural practices and identity.

What is the role of women in religion?

Women may be involved in rituals, leadership, prayers, and interpretations of holy books.

What are some lesser-known religions mentioned?

Confucianism, Animism, Spiritism, Bahai, Jainism, Shamanism.

What is the significance of cultural landscapes in relation to religion?

Cultural landscapes reflect the influence of religion on the environment and community identity.

What is culture?

Culture is comprised of shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.

What are cultural traits?

Cultural traits are individual aspects of culture, such as food and dress.

What is the difference between material and nonmaterial culture?

Material culture includes physical objects like housing and clothing, while nonmaterial culture includes abstract human creations like language and beliefs.

What are cultural hearths?

Cultural hearths are areas where unique cultural traits develop, often with unknown origins.

Define indigenous culture.

Indigenous culture refers to people native to an area, such as Native Americans in the USA and Aboriginals in Australia.

What characterizes local culture?

Local culture consists of a homogenous group with strong connections in beliefs and customs, often working to remain isolated.

What is popular culture?

Popular culture is a large, diverse, heterogeneous group heavily influenced by social media and changes constantly with interaction.

What is placelessness?

Placelessness refers to the phenomenon where landscapes become uniform and lack unique cultural identity.

What is sequent occupance?

Sequent occupance is the process by which the landscape is transformed by a succession of populations over time.

What is a sense of place?

A sense of place, or placemaking, involves geographic memories created using the landscape, culture, feelings, experiences, and perceptions.

What is a cultural landscape?

A cultural landscape is the imprint of people on the land, reflecting how humans use, alter, and manipulate the landscape to express their identity.

What are examples of cultural landscapes?

Examples include national parks, bilingual signage, gender-segregated schools, and office buildings in urban centers.

What are characteristics of cultural landscapes?

Characteristics include agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic evidence, and traditional or postmodern architecture.

What defines an agricultural landscape?

An agricultural landscape uses traditional or modern techniques, often influenced by natural features.

What indicates an industrial landscape?

A large industrial presence often indicates a lack of transition to a post-industrial economy.

What are religious characteristics in cultural landscapes?

Religious characteristics include the presence of houses of worship, cemeteries, and food taboos.

What is assimilation in cultural contexts?

Assimilation is the process where individuals or groups forget their old culture in favor of a new one.

What is acculturation?

Acculturation is the integration of old and new cultures, encouraging multiculturalism.

What is nativism or xenophobia?

Nativism or xenophobia refers to the dislike of new cultures or prejudice against them.

Which scenario exemplifies assimilation?

D. The American government educated Native American children in American-style boarding schools, teaching them English and homemaking skills.

What is cultural convergence?

The process where cultures interact and become more similar by adopting ideas and traits.

Give an example of cultural convergence.

Quinceaneras, Tex-Mex food, and futbol.

What is cultural divergence?

The process where conflicting beliefs or barriers cause cultures to become less similar.

Provide an example of cultural divergence.

Amish lifestyles, island traditions, and censorship in countries.

Define cultural relativism.

Understanding and acceptance of other cultures without imposing judgment.

What is ethnocentrism?

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often leading to judgment of other cultures.

What is a habit?

A repetitive act performed by an individual.

What is a custom?

A frequent repetition of an act until it becomes characteristic of a group.

What is a taboo?

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

What are formal regions?

Clearly defined areas with specific boundaries.

What are functional regions?

Regions centered around a node or focus point.

What are perceptual (vernacular) regions?

Regions defined by how people think about places, often blurred in boundaries.

What is relocation diffusion?

The spread of cultural traits through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

What is expansion diffusion?

The spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process.

Define contagious diffusion.

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

What is hierarchical diffusion?

The spread of culture from important people or nodes to other individuals or places.

What is stimulus diffusion?

The adoption of an underlying idea from another culture with modifications.

What are some historical causes of cultural diffusion?

Colonialism, military conquest, and trade.

What are contemporary causes of cultural diffusion?

Globalization, urbanization, migration, and technology.

What is indigenous (folk) culture?

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation.

What is the purpose of folk culture?

To preserve original culture by keeping other cultures out and maintaining language, religion, values, and oral history.

What is folk architecture influenced by?

The physical environment, using local materials and traditional arrangements.

What challenges does folk culture face?

Folk culture is in danger of dying out due to globalization and cultural homogenization.

What is pop culture?

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in personal characteristics.

How does pop culture typically diffuse?

Through hierarchical diffusion, often rapidly with the help of modern communication and technology.

What is the main obstacle to the distribution of pop culture?

Access to income to purchase cultural materials.

What is the biggest challenge facing the world today according to the Population Party Discussion?

The specific challenge varies by individual perspectives shared during the discussion.

What is the focus of Unit 2 in the population study?

The unit focuses on various aspects of population distribution, dynamics, and policies.

What is the natural increase rate?

The percentage by which a population grows in a year.

What does CBR stand for in population studies?

Crude Birth Rate, which is the number of births per 1,000 population.

What does CDR stand for?

Crude Death Rate, which is the number of deaths per 1,000 population.

What is the doubling time in population studies?

The number of years needed to double a population.

What is Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.

What is the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)?

The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births.

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.

What are the four major population clusters?

East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia.

What is arithmetic density?

The total population divided by the total land area.

What is physiological density?

The number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.

What is agricultural density?

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.

What does carrying capacity refer to?

The maximum population an environment can sustain without straining resources.

What does the term 'ecumene' refer to?

The inhabited land where people live, contrasted with sparsely populated regions.

What is the significance of the demographic transition model?

It explains the transition of countries through different stages of population growth.

What is a population pyramid?

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.

What does a declining birth rate indicate about a population?

It suggests potential future challenges related to aging populations and workforce sustainability.

What are the implications of high Total Fertility Rates (TFRs)?

They often correlate with high Infant Mortality Rates (IMRs).

What is the relationship between physiological and agricultural density?

Physiological density indicates how many people live on arable land, while agricultural density shows the number of farmers relative to that land.

What does the term 'Mammoni' refer to in the context of population dynamics?

It refers to adult sons who live with their parents, often seen in cultures with aging populations.

What does the term 'LDC' stand for?

Less Developed Countries, where most population growth occurs today.

What is the significance of understanding population dynamics?

It helps in predicting future trends and planning for resources and services.

What factors contribute to population growth rates in different countries?

Countries are in different stages of the demographic transition, affecting their growth rates.

What is the expected population pyramid shape for aging populations?

It typically shows a wider top, indicating a larger proportion of older individuals.

How do geographic concepts apply to population policies?

They help explain likely outcomes in scenarios related to population management and planning.

What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?

Stage 1: Low growth, Stage 2: High growth, Stage 3: Moderate growth, Stage 4: Low growth (Zero Population Growth)

Which stages of the Demographic Transition are most countries currently in?

Most countries are in Stage 2 or Stage 3.

What is a characteristic of Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition?

Significant population growth due to the Industrial Revolution.

What is a characteristic of Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition?

Low growth, often leading to Zero Population Growth (ZPG).