Social and emotional development

Week 14

infants develop strong emotional attachments with

those who care for them

infants become insecurely attached when care is inconsistent or neglectful, responding

in a avoidant, resistant, or in a disorganized manner, not necessarily by a result of circumstances

Strange situation demonstrates that

depending on a child’s attachments, they may reject, cling to, or welcome the parent upon their return

Security of attachment

an infants confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver

secure attachments lead to

infants being found to develop stronger friendships, more advanced emotional understanding, early conscience development, and more positive self-concepts

authoritative parenting

style characterized by high but reasonable expectations for children’s behaviour, good communication, warmth, nurturance, and the use of reasoning as a response to children’s misbehaviour

Coregulation between the parent and developing adolescent

occurs when both parties recognize the child’s growing competence and autonomy, and make an effort to rebalance authority relations

family stress model

description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment

social interaction with another child similar in age, skills, or knowledge does not promote

bullying, hurting others, and self-promotion

children develop expectations for specific people as a result of

expanding repertoire of social and emotional skills

when infants become aware of other’s differing perceptions, feelings and mental states affecting their behaviour

before the end of the first year

social referencing

the process by which an individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to uncertain circumstances

theory of mind

human capacity to understand minds, made up of a collection of concepts  (e.g., agent, intentionality) and processes (e.g., goal detection, imitation, empathy, perspective taking)

temperament

early-emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, however it is not the whole story when it comes to predicting a childs life

personality is shaped by

the goodness of fit between a child’s temperamental qualities and the characteristics of the environment, as well as the result of interplay between biological disposition and experience

conscience

consists of the cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conflict

effortful control

temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation

young children learn gender from ________ and ________, and develop their own conceptions of gender schemas

parents, peers

which is not a perspective for social and personality development

personality disorders

attachment figure

someone who functions as the primary safe haven and secure base for an individual, typically a parent or romantic partner

attachment behavioural system

motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between child and attachment figure

if the child perceives attachment figures to be inaccessible

the child may experience anxiety, and is likely to exhibit attachment behaviours ranging from visual searching to active searching, following, and vocal signalling

attachment behaviours

behaviours and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual to reestablish proximity to that individual

attachment patterns

individual differences in how securely people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships

key determinant of attachment patterns

the history of sensitive and responsive interactions between caregiver and child

which is not a similarity between adult romantic relationships and the attachment bond between child and caregiver

knowing how the other feels at any given moment

high-functioning relationships

individuals who are secure are more likely than insecure individuals to have this, which are more satisfying, enduring, and less characterized by conflict

emotions do not orchestrate which systems?

movement, blood flow, personality

emotions

prepare the body for action, through activating and deactivating systems to prevent competing systems from operating at the same time

facial expressions

regulators of social interaction

cultural display rules

learned early in life for the management of emotions in specific circumstances

intrapersonal function of emotion

refers to an individuals internal physiological and psychological emotional responses

interpersonal function of emotion

refers to the effect of one person’s emotions on other people or on the relationship between people

cultures develop

worldviews of emotions, that shape how individuals see the most desirable emotions and behaviours