Unit 5 Vocab APWH

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional doctrines.

Social contract

A theory or model that addresses the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.

Natural rights

Rights that are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a particular society or polity, often associated with life, liberty, and property.

Deism

The belief in a rational God who created the universe but does not intervene in its workings, emphasizing reason and observation of the natural world.

Liberalism

A political and economic philosophy advocating for individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free market economy.

Empiricism

The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience and evidence gathered through observation and experimentation.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often in opposition to foreign influence.

Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality between the genders in social, political, and economic spheres.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An 18th-century advocate for women's rights, best known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman' which argues for women's education and equality.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections, often associated with movements to extend this right to disenfranchised groups.

Declaration of Independence

The document adopted on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies independent from British rule.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlines individual and collective rights of all citizens.

Jamaica Letter

A letter written by Simón Bolívar in 1815 outlining his vision for Latin American independence and governance.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution characterized by extreme political repression and mass executions of perceived enemies.

Simon Bolivar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spanish rule.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A leader of the Haitian Revolution who transformed the former colony of Saint-Domingue into the first independent black-led nation.

Realpolitik

A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Otto von Bismarck

A Prussian statesman who unified Germany in the 19th century and served as its first Chancellor, known for his Realpolitik approach.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born individuals residing in the Spanish colonies in the Americas, often holding the highest social and political positions.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the Americas, who were often excluded from high political office and resented the privileges of the Peninsulares.

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that transformed economies from agrarian to industrial.

Cottage industry

A system of production where goods are produced at home rather than in a factory, often involving handcrafting.

Factory system

A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor, typically in a centralized location.

Seed drill

An agricultural tool that sows seeds at the correct depth and spacing, improving crop yields.

Spinning jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves that revolutionized the textile industry.

Crop rotation

The practice of alternating the crops grown on a particular piece of land to improve soil health and crop yields.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms in England, leading to increased agricultural efficiency but displacing many peasant farmers.

Steam engine

An engine that uses steam to generate power, playing a key role in the Industrial Revolution by powering machinery and transportation.

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of industrialization in the late 19th and early 20th centuries characterized by advancements in steel production, electricity, and chemical processes.

Telegraph

A communication system that transmits messages over long distances using coded signals, revolutionizing long-distance communication.

Muhammad Ali (not boxer)

An Ottoman governor and de facto ruler of Egypt in the early 19th century, known for modernizing Egypt's economy and military.

Meiji Restoration

The period in Japan from 1868 to 1912 during which the country underwent rapid modernization and industrialization.

Adam Smith

An economist and philosopher known as the father of modern economics, best known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations.'

Wealth of Nations

A seminal book by Adam Smith published in 1776 that outlines the principles of free market economics.

Laissez-faire economics

An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing free market forces to operate.

Transnational business

A company that operates in multiple countries, often with a global strategy and management structure.

Industrial working class

The social class of people employed in factories and industries, often facing harsh working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.

Middle class

A social class between the upper and working classes, typically characterized by moderate income, education, and professional occupations.

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas become urbanized as a result of economic development and population migration.

Karl Marx

A philosopher and economist known for his theories on socialism and communism, particularly in 'The Communist Manifesto.'

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Socialism

An economic and political system where the means of production are owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Tanzimat Reforms

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century aimed at modernization and centralization.

Young Turks

A revolutionary group in the early 20th century that sought to reform the Ottoman Empire and promote modernization.

Self-strengthening movement

A late 19th-century Chinese reform movement aimed at modernizing the military and economy while maintaining traditional Confucian values.

HSBC (Hong Kong and Singapore Banking Corporation)

A multinational banking and financial services organization headquartered in London, originally established to facilitate trade between Europe and Asia.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and operation for profit.

Labor union

An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests, often through collective bargaining.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly in Marxist theory, who sell their labor for wages and do not own the means of production.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class who own the means of production and are contrasted with the proletariat in Marxist theory.