BIOLOGY LAB MIDTERM REVIEW PT. 1

the human body is erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

Anatomical Position

(above/below)

Superior/inferior

(front/back)

Anterior/posterior

(toward the midline/away from the midline or median plane)

Medial/lateral

(cranial)/(toward the head/toward the tail)

Cephalad/caudal

(belly side/backside)

Ventral/dorsal

(nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment)

Proximal/distal

(external)/(internal) (toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface)

Superficial/deep

mouth

Oral

boney eye socket

orbital

cheek

buccal

neck

cervical

chest

thoracic

armpit

axillary

arm (upper portion of the upper limb)

brachial

anterior surface of the elbow

antecubital

naval

umbilical

Located below the ribs and above the hips

Abdominal

groin

inguinal

thigh

femoral

genital

pubic

kneecap

patellar

fingers or toes

digital

leg

crural

back of the head

occipital

point of the shoulder

acromial

shoulder blade

scapular

lower back

lumbar

buttocks

gluteal

back of the knee

popliteal

calf

sural

heel of the foot

calcaneal

longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts

frontal plane/coronal plane

runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts

sagittal plane

runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

transverse plane

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

dorsal cavity

contains the brain

cranial cavity

contains spinal cord

vertebral cavity

contains heart (pericardial) and lungs (pleural)

thoracic cavity

contains digestive organs

abdominal cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

pelvic cavity

contains abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

ventral cavity

gallbladder, liver

organs found in the right upper quadrant:

stomach, pancreas, spleen

organs found in the left upper quadrant:

organs found in the right lower quadrant:

cecum, appendix

left ureter, left kidney, part of colon

organs found in the left lower quadrant:

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac (inguinal) region, hypogastric (pubic) region, left iliac (inguinal) region

abdominopelvic regions:

orbital cavity, nasal cavity, oral cavity, middle ear cavity, synovial cavity

other body cavities:

produces bile

liver

Old red blood cells are recycled, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there

spleen

maintain overall fluid balance, regulate and filter minerals from blood, filter waste materials

kidney

provides air flow to and from the lungs for respiration

trachea

produces insulin, enzymes and hormones that help break down foods

pancreas

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

ureter

to carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach

esophagus

stores and concentrates bile

gallbladder

absorption of nutrients and minerals from food

small intestine

absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter and transmit the useless waste material from the body

large intestine

Base

arm

stage

condenser

Rotating nosepiece

Iris diaphragm lever

Substage light

Ocular lens

Fine adjustment knob

Coarse adjustment knob

Objective lens

10x

Magnification of an ocular lens:

ocular lens x objective lens

total magnification

4x

scanning lenses

10x

low power lenses

40x

high power lenses

the ability to discriminate two close objects as separate

resolution

separates cell contents from the surrounding environment, providing a protective barrier

plasma membrane

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

cytoplasm

contains DNA, control center of the cell

nucleus

passageway for molecules into and out of the nucleus

nuclear pore

contains dissolved salts, nutrients, and other solutes essential for the cell

nuclear plasma

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

nuclear envelope

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

vacuole

function to digest worn-out cell organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell

lysosome

they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

centrioles

composed of RNA and protein, attached to the rough ER, protein synthesis

ribosomes

assembly sites for ribosomes

nucleoli

genetic material loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form

chromatin

provide an area for storage and transport of the proteins made on the ribosomes to other cell areas

rough endoplasmic reticulum

site of steroid and lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

contain enzymes that oxidize foodstuffs to produce cellular energy (ATP), powerhouse of the cell

mitochondria

formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules

pinocytic vesicle

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus

division of the cytoplasm, begins during late anaphase and continues through and beyond telophase

cytokinesis

G1 (growth, S (DNA synthesis), G2 (final preparations)

interphase

longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

prophase

phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

metaphase

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

anaphase

phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

telophase