Genetics Chpt 2-4

PHenotype

the observation of physical characteristics of an organist resulting from an interaction of genes and enviornment (more complex than genotype)

genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism; the assortment of genes that organisms inherit (alleles)

wildtype

the most common form of trait or character found in wild

mutants

non-wildtype varients

mutation

permanent changes in ones genetic code

polymorphism

exsistence of two or more reasonably common phenotypes brown hair and brown eyes

cross

mating between two organissm. with different alles of a particular gene

reciprocal crosses

crossed both ways: white female flower x blue male flower; reversesal of that white male flower x blue female flower avoid or figure out sex linked inheretence

gene

a segment of a chromosome that encodes for specific proteins

allelles

alternative forms of genes

dominant

overides recessive

recessive

allelle is overridden by dominant

Mendels First Law of Segregation

alleles that separate during gamete formation

Meiosis

members of a gene pair separate equally into cells that create sperm and egg gametes. A single gamate member of the gene pair.

homozygote

LL

heterozygote

Ll

Monohybrid

_{An organism that is heterozygous for only one gene}

homozygous dominant

AA

Heterozogous dominant

Aa

Random assortment

genetic diversity

null allele

result in total loss of funciton. we can survive but we have phyotpic response because we lack protien or it builds up in our bodies like PKU

Leaky mutation

aloow some wildtype to leak through and is not fully funcitonal (protien)

neutral mutation

(silent mutation) have no effect on phenotype

1. Not on the site of exon(coding)

2. Multiple genes reponseible for same one

3. another base pair

4. substitute

5. location

Promoter region

bindign site for RNA polymerase (start sign) RNA needing to know where to start

Exon region

null

promoter region

null

if its ner the edge of acctive site

leaky mutation

outside of an active site

silent (neutral)

Sex linked inheretence

(XX)

pseudo autosomal region

segments of DNA on the X and Y chromosomes that pair up and recombine during meiosis.